{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T17:28:46Z","timestamp":1786382926240,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"US Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7200AA18C00074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7200AA18C00074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["7200AA18C00074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7200AA18C00074"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01n6e6j62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Effective antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is vital for containing antimicrobial resistance (AMR), yet evidence regarding existing regulatory frameworks in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains scarce. This study conducted a landscape analysis of policies, laws, and regulations governing AMS across human and animal health sectors in ten LMICs to identify gaps and inform national action plans. Methods: Between October 2019 and September 2022, data were collected through desk reviews of national documents and a standardized, structured questionnaire administered to key national informants in ten countries: Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda. Results: Findings were analyzed across five core regulatory domains. While all countries maintained national medicine policies and regulatory authorities, antimicrobial-specific measures were often insufficient, particularly in the animal health sector. Human health frameworks were generally more advanced; however, overarching regulations for marketing authorization, post-marketing surveillance, and pharmacovigilance frequently lacked the necessary specificity for antimicrobials. Conclusions: Addressing these gaps requires strengthening One Health legal frameworks, particularly through targeted animal health policies and multisectoral coordination. Enhanced investments in capacity-building and systematic enforcement are essential to optimize antimicrobial use and strengthen the AMR response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15080770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T16:35:16Z","timestamp":1786379716000},"page":"770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Landscape Analysis of Existing Policies, Laws and Regulations on Antimicrobial Stewardship in 10 Low- and Middle-Income Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9612-1840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. P.","family":"Waswa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Kampala P.O. Box 920102, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4846-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohan P.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Arlington, VA 22203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-9436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reuben","family":"Kiggundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Kampala P.O. Box 920102, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4047-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Kakooza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dathan M.","family":"Byonanebye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7287-8563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodgers Rodriguez","family":"Ayebare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Kikule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Arlington, VA 22203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Kasujja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Kampala P.O. Box 920102, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Clarke International University, Kampala P.O. Box 7782, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Habib Medical School, Islamic University in Uganda, Mbale P.O. Box 2555, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-1182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niranjan","family":"Konduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Arlington, VA 22203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Nfor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Arlington, VA 22203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","article-title":"V Understanding the mechanisms and the drivers of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"387","author":"Holmes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2019). 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