{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:27:10Z","timestamp":1786512430986,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010483","name":"NM-AIST","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Del-22-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Del-22-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["Del-22-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Del-22-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041vsn055","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029chgv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Develeopment Office"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037wke960","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) remains a persistent public health challenge worldwide. It is particularly common in settings with close human\u2013livestock\u2013environment interactions. In Tanzania, progress toward TB control is increasingly threatened by multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), yet genomic data from regions characterized by pastoralist and mining activities remain scarce. This study employed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to characterize M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains circulating among human and cattle populations in the Manyara region of northern Tanzania, with a focus on resistance-associated mutations and phylogenetic relationships. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2024 and February 2025. A total of 178 presumptive human TB cases provided sputum samples. From cattle, 161 samples were collected (110 milk samples and 51 lymph node aspirates), with each animal contributing only one type of sample. Specimen were analyzed using GeneXpert MTB\/RIF, Lowenstein\u2013Jensen culture, and WGS. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using SNP-based methods and IQ-TREE2 version 2.2.0. Results: Among human participants, 14 (7.8%) sputum samples were GeneXpert positive and were confirmed as members of MTBC by LJ culture. In cattle, one (0.62%) lymph node aspirate was positive for MTBC. Significant predictors of MTBC positivity included previous TB history, weight loss, and occupation involving mining and cattle keeping. WGS of five human isolates identified Lineages 1, 3, and 4. One isolate (Sample 98) harbored mutations associated with XDR-TB. Conclusions: WGS revealed M. tuberculosis Lineages 1, 3 and 4 circulating in the Manyara region, with diverse genetic mutations conferring with resistance to first- and second-line anti-TB drugs. These findings highlight the importance of integrated genomic surveillance to monitor drug resistance patterns in Tanzania and similar settings across human and animal populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15080771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T16:35:16Z","timestamp":1786379716000},"page":"771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Humans and Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0959-566X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline Samuel","family":"Ulomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"},{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Abidjan 01 BP 1303, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2693-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter M.","family":"Mbelele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"},{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Abidjan 01 BP 1303, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Kibong\u2019oto Infectious Disease Hospital, Kilimanjaro P.O. Box 12, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Ngowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mtweve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8118-9965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Dela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0574-8793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Enagnon","family":"Lokonon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Abidjan 01 BP 1303, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biomathematics and Forest Estimation, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 04 BP 1525, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4190-8202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassirou","family":"Bonfoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Abidjan 01 BP 1303, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther G.","family":"Kimaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6743-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatus","family":"Lyimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025). Global Tuberculosis Report 2025, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.02.012","article-title":"Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"26","author":"Koch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behr, M.A., and Gagneux, S. (2011). 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