{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:38:49Z","timestamp":1788914329021,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UAE-NIH Collaborative Research Initiative","award":["AJF-NIH-1-MBRU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AJF-NIH-1-MBRU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Wastewater-based antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance typically relies on treatment plant influent as a single integrated matrix, obscuring source-specific signals. In arid settings where treated effluent is reused, understanding how resistomes and virulomes are structured across wastewater compartments is essential for One Health monitoring. Methods: Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was applied to 57 wastewater samples collected in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, between October 2024 and January 2025. Samples represented nine community sewer nodes, two tertiary-care hospital outflows, and influent and effluent from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Datasets were used for taxonomic, resistome, and virulome profiling. Alpha diversity was compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, beta-diversity differences were assessed using permutational multivariate analysis of variance, and source-associated AMR genes were identified using linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis. Results: A total of 1470 bacterial species, 822 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), and 1554 virulence factor genes were identified. Bacterial diversity was significantly lower in WWTP effluent than in other compartments. Hospital wastewater was enriched for class D \u03b2-lactamases, including multiple blaOXA variants, whereas community wastewater and WWTP influent shared dominant macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance genes including msr(E), mph(E), strB and aadA1. Despite marked reductions in bacterial diversity after treatment, no significant difference in ARG diversity was observed between WWTP influent and WWTP effluent (p = 0.558), with resistance genes such as blaVEB, msr(E), mph(E) detected in the latter. Virulome profiles shifted from fimbrial gene dominance in untreated sources toward biofilm- and persistence-associated genes in WWTP effluent. ARG alpha diversity varied over time, whereas taxonomic and virulome diversity remained stable. Conclusions: Community and influent wastewater capture population-level AMR carriage, hospital outflows concentrate clinically relevant resistance determinants, and WWTP effluent retains resistance markers despite microbial biomass reduction. Compartment-resolved metagenomic surveillance provides a practical One Health framework for identifying high-value monitoring points.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15090817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:20:43Z","timestamp":1787577643000},"page":"817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Source-Resolved Wastewater Metagenomics Reveals Distinct Resistome and Virulome Landscapes Across an Urban Wastewater Continuum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Douha","family":"Shouqair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subham","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Center for Microbial Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Building 14, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashed","family":"Alghafri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Department of Forensic Science and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai P.O. Box 1493, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania","family":"Nassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Center for Microbial Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Building 14, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lobna","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Center for Microbial Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Building 14, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima Al","family":"Dhaheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8458-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dean","family":"Everett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Infection Research Unit, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8147-8406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Shibl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5936-9676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and P. Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danesh","family":"Moradigaravand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Biomedical Sciences (BioMed) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2434-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mushtaq","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Goering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abiola","family":"Senok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Center for Microbial Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Building 14, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report 2022, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240062702."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01983-x","article-title":"Regional antimicrobial resistance gene flow among the One Health sectors in China","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04676-7","article-title":"Evidence for wastewaters as environments where mobile antibiotic resistance genes emerge","volume":"6","author":"Berglund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac175","article-title":"Wastewater surveillance for infectious disease: A systematic review","volume":"192","author":"Kilaru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101139","article-title":"The surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in wastewater from a One Health perspective: A global scoping and temporal review (2014\u20132024)","volume":"21","author":"Punch","year":"2025","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsen, N.S., and Riber, L. (2025). Metagenomics as a Transformative Tool for Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance: Highlighting the Impact of Mobile Genetic Elements with a Focus on the Complex Role of Phages. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030296"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uluseker, C., Kaster, K.M., Thorsen, K., Basiry, D., Shobana, S., Jain, M., Kumar, G., Kommedal, R., and Pala-Ozkok, I. (2021). A Review on Occurrence and Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewaters and in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Mechanisms and Perspectives. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.717809"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14408","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14408","article-title":"Microbial Evolution through Horizontal Gene Transfer by Mobile Genetic Elements","volume":"17","author":"Tokuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumavath, R., Gupta, P., Tatta, E.R., Mohan, M.S., Salim, S.A., and Busi, S. (2025). Unraveling the Role of Mobile Genetic Elements in Antibiotic Resistance Transmission and Defense Strategies in Bacteria. Front. Syst. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsysb.2025.1557413"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, L., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, T., Zhang, J., and Tan, B. (2025). A review on the prevalence and treatment of antibiotic resistance genes in hospital wastewater. Toxics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13040263"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16547","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c03726","article-title":"Metagenomic profiling of internationally sourced sewage influents and effluents yields insight into selecting targets for antibiotic resistance monitoring","volume":"58","author":"Garner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121289","article-title":"Metagenome sequencing reveals shifts in phage-associated antibiotic resistance genes from influent to effluent in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"253","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florides, F., Giannakoudi, M., Ioannou, G., Lazaridou, D., Lamprinidou, E., Loukoutos, N., Spyridou, M., Tosounidis, E., Xanthopoulou, M., and Katsoyiannis, I.A. (2024). Water reuse: A comprehensive review. Environments, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments11040081"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drane, K., Sheehan, M., Whelan, A., Ariel, E., and Kinobe, R. (2024). The role of wastewater treatment plants in dissemination of antibiotic resistance: Source, measurement, removal and risk assessment. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070668"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alghamdi, B., Albedah, N., Almalki, T., Almudarra, S., Penttinen, P., Wang, C., and Hong, P.-Y. (2026). Wastewater-based surveillance of microbial pathogens in GCC countries (2015\u20132025): A scoping review and questionnaire survey with stakeholders. Front. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1786753"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121989","article-title":"National-scale antimicrobial resistance surveillance in wastewater: A comparative analysis of HT qPCR and metagenomic approaches","volume":"262","author":"Knight","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, W., Bohm, K., Dyet, K., Weaver, L., and Pattis, I. (2025). Comparative analysis of qPCR and metagenomics for detecting antimicrobial resistance in wastewater: A case study. BMC Res. Notes, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-024-07027-9"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38723","article-title":"Characterization of microbiome, resistome, mobilome, and virulome in anoxic and oxic wastewater treatment processes in Slovakia and Taiwan","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174272","article-title":"Metagenomic profiling of raw wastewater in Portugal highlights microbiota and resistome signatures of public health interest beyond the usual suspects","volume":"946","author":"Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178403","article-title":"Metagenomics unveils the role of hospitals and wastewater treatment plants on the environmental burden of antibiotic resistance genes and opportunistic pathogens","volume":"961","author":"Silvester","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.42.3.433-438.1981","article-title":"Assessment of bifidobacteria as indicators of human fecal pollution","volume":"42","author":"Resnick","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marutescu, L.G., Popa, M., Gheorghe-Barbu, I., Barbu, I.C., Rodr\u00edguez-Molina, D., Berglund, F., Blaak, H., Flach, C.-F., Kemper, M.A., and Spie\u00dfberger, B. (2023). Wastewater treatment plants, an \u201cescape gate\u201d for ESCAPE pathogens. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1193907"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34312-7","article-title":"Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"13","author":"Munk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shouqair, D., Alghafri, R., Verma, S., Naji, M., Albastaki, A., Al Dhaheri, F., Hachim, M.Y., Nassar, R., Shibl, A.A., and Rodr\u00edguez, J. (2026). Antimicrobial resistance across the urban wastewater continuum: A One Health assessment using high-throughput qPCR. Antibiotics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15070669"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lymperatou, D., Konstantopoulou, R., Mentsis, M., Atzemoglou, N., Diamanti, C., Tzourtzos, I., Naka, K.K., Mitsis, M., Konstantina, G., and Milionis, H. (2025). Hospital wastewater surveillance and antimicrobial resistance: A narrative review. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122739"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00286","article-title":"Elimination and redistribution of intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes in water and wastewater disinfection processes: A review","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS ES T Water"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haenelt, S., Richnow, H.-H., M\u00fcller, J.A., and Musat, N. (2023). Antibiotic resistance indicator genes in biofilm and planktonic microbial communities after wastewater discharge. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1252870"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33365","DOI":"10.2196\/33365","article-title":"Effective treatment strategies for the removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotic-resistance genes, and antibiotic residues in the effluent from wastewater treatment plants receiving municipal, hospital, and domestic wastewater: Protocol for a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Alam","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43061","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27081-y","article-title":"Comprehensive genome analysis of MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae in influent and effluent of a selected wastewater treatment plant","volume":"15","author":"Mabeo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116040","article-title":"Mapping human pathogens in wastewater using a metatranscriptomic approach","volume":"231","author":"Carneiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117885","article-title":"An assessment of resistome and mobilome in wastewater treatment plants through temporal and spatial metagenomic analysis","volume":"209","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107185","article-title":"Population-based variations of a core resistome revealed by urban sewage metagenome surveillance","volume":"163","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117533","article-title":"Spatiotemporal profiling of antibiotics and resistance genes in a river catchment: Human population as the main driver of antibiotic and antibiotic resistance gene presence in the environment","volume":"203","author":"Elder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01216-5","article-title":"Long-read metagenomic sequencing reveals shifts in associations of antibiotic resistance genes with mobile genetic elements from sewage to activated sludge","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, J., McFarland, A.G., Young, V.B., Hayden, M.K., and Hartmann, E.M. (2021). Toward accurate and robust environmental surveillance using metagenomics. Front. Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.600111"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, A., L\u00f3pez-Ca\u00f1izares, J., Moreno-Candel, M., Martinez-Alonso, A., Allende, A., and Truchado, P. (2026). Impact of treated wastewater reuse in agriculture on the transfer of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and genes to edible crops: A One Health perspective. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1729855"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2025.112297","article-title":"Metagenomic sequencing dataset of microbial communities in onion and cabbage microgreens across substrates, Salmonella inoculation, and bacteriophage application","volume":"63","author":"Ayilaran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679810","DOI":"10.1080\/29933935.2026.2679810","article-title":"Brain health and the gut microbiome (bMicrobiome Study): A proof-of-concept, feasibility study integrating shotgun metagenomics, metrology, and multidimensional phenotyping across the cognitive aging spectrum","volume":"3","author":"Frame","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut Microbes Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-026-00516-2","article-title":"Impact of phage therapy in post-weaning piglets challenged with ETEC strain in a controlled minitrial","volume":"12","author":"Mahmud","year":"2026","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelon, J.N., Eltaher, S.S., and Abdelhamid, A.G. (2026). Shotgun metagenomic and phenotypic characterization of indigenous lactic acid bacteria from raw milk artisanal cheeses: Metagenomic functional insight and starter culture traits. Front. Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1820264"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/9\/817\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:47:55Z","timestamp":1787579275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/9\/817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics15090817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15090817","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]}}}