{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:16:49Z","timestamp":1793132209111,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["19H00965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H00965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23H00354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23H00354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23K18072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K18072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25K22412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K22412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007173","name":"Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JPJ007097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJ007097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["JPJ007097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJ007097"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f62sy66","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MESRS) and by the Algerian Agency for the Development of Research in Health","award":["PICT-2016-0410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2016-0410"]}]},{"name":"Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MESRS) and by the Algerian Agency for the Development of Research in Health","award":["PICT 2021-I-A-00705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2021-I-A-00705"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015103","name":"Japan Racing Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00v8w0b34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016974","name":"Food Science Institute Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016974","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q4qez72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP21zf0127001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21zf0127001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The vaginal microbiota of healthy women is predominantly composed of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), particularly species from the lactobacilli group, which contribute to the maintenance of vaginal health through multiple protective mechanisms. Objectives: In the present study, vaginal LAB isolated from healthy premenopausal Algerian women were evaluated for their probiotic potential. Methods: A total of 259 LAB isolates were initially screened for antimicrobial activity against vaginal pathogens, among which 164 strains exhibited inhibitory effects. Based on antimicrobial capacity and biofilm formation ability, 38 strains were selected for further characterization. A refined subset of 15 strains belonging to Lactiplantibacillus (Lpb.) plantarum, Limosilactobacillus (Lmb.) fermentum, and Ligilactobacillus (Lgb.) salivarius were subsequently identified according to their superior antimicrobial and probiotic-related properties. The selected strains were evaluated for several functional and safety characteristics, including antimicrobial activity, production of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), biofilm formation, auto-aggregation, cell surface hydrophobicity, antibiotic susceptibility, hemolytic activity, and tolerance to acidic conditions. These studies were complemented with comparative genomics using the complete genome sequences of selected strains. Results: The isolates demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against vaginal pathogens associated with aerobic vaginitis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis. In addition, strong correlations were observed between metabolite production and antimicrobial activity. Several strains also exhibited enhanced biofilm formation, aggregation capacity, and favorable safety profiles. Among the tested isolates, Lmb. fermentum 70BJ2, Lpb. plantarum 87JG8, and Lpb.plantarum N17 emerged as particularly promising probiotic candidates due to their combined antimicrobial, metabolic, and adhesion-related properties. Conclusions: Overall, these findings demonstrate that the vaginal microbiota of healthy Algerian women represents a valuable source of potential probiotic strains and provide a strong basis for future in vivo validation and clinical application in the prevention and management of vaginal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15090875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:53:28Z","timestamp":1788789208000},"page":"875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Selection and Characterization of Vaginal Lactobacilli from Healthy Algerian Women with Potential Probiotic Properties Against Urogenital Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Asma","family":"Mammar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Promotion of Agricultural Innovation in Arid Regions, University of Biskra, Biskra 07000, Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe Sciences, University of Biskra, Biskra 07000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hayat","family":"Trabsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe Sciences, University of Biskra, Biskra 07000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Dentice Maidana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Immunology (LaRI), Division of Animal Immunology and Omics, International Education and Research Centre for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ammar","family":"Ayachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomic Sciences, University of Batna 1, Batna 05000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Abdessemed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother and Child Specialized Hospital (EHS), Batna 05000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8216-2190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Albarracin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Immunology (LaRI), Division of Animal Immunology and Omics, International Education and Research Centre for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Elean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n CP4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1143-6160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel","family":"Boubakri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of M\u00e9d\u00e9a, M\u00e9d\u00e9a 26000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3862-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayelen A.","family":"Baillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n CP4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4586-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruki","family":"Kitazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Centre for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4941-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Villena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Immunology (LaRI), Division of Animal Immunology and Omics, International Education and Research Centre for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samama, M., Ueno, J., Carvalho De Arruda Veiga, E., Piscopo, R.C.C.P., Ikeda, F., Pires De Lemos, N., Tadeu Bidinotto, L., Guimar\u00e3es Da Silva, M., Jarmy Di Bella, Z., and Entezami, F. (2025). Vaginal Microbiome and Its Relationship with Assisted Reproduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15091382"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00181-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00181-21","article-title":"Roles of the Microbiota of the Female Reproductive Tract in Gynecological and Reproductive Health","volume":"86","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, L., Zhang, W., Yuan, Y., Zhu, W., and Shang, A. (2022). Vaginal Microecological Characteristics of Women in Different Physiological and Pathological Period. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.959793"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.12.012","article-title":"Diversity in Women and Their Vaginal Microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Ahannach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04915-7","article-title":"The Association between Lifestyle Factors and the Composition of the Vaginal Microbiota: A Review","volume":"43","author":"Morsli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgdorff, H., Van Der Veer, C., Van Houdt, R., Alberts, C.J., De Vries, H.J., Bruisten, S.M., Snijder, M.B., Prins, M., Geerlings, S.E., and Schim Van Der Loeff, M.F. (2017). The Association between Ethnicity and Vaginal Microbiota Composition in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181135"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ncib, K., Bahia, W., Leban, N., Mahdhi, A., Trifa, F., Mzoughi, R., Haddad, A., Jabeur, C., and Donders, G. (2022). Microbial Diversity and Pathogenic Properties of Microbiota Associated with Aerobic Vaginitis in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102444"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-020-01606-6","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiota: Age Dynamic and Ethnic Particularities of Algerian Women","volume":"82","author":"Ouarabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"149","article-title":"16S rRNA Gene-Amplicon-Based Profiling of the Vaginal Microbiome From North African Women","volume":"Volume 905","author":"Ezziyyani","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Development (AI2SD\u20192023)"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-024-07626-8","article-title":"The Influence of the Vaginal Ecosystem on Vaginitis, Bacterial Vaginosis, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: An Epidemiological Study and Literature Review","volume":"311","author":"Occhipinti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-024-01184-z","article-title":"Alterations in Gut and Genital Microbiota Associated with Gynecological Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrego-Ruiz, A., and Borrego, J.J. (2025). Microbial Pathogens Linked to Vaginal Microbiome Dysbiosis and Therapeutic Tools for Their Treatment. Acta Microbiol. Hell., 70.","DOI":"10.3390\/amh70020019"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Rosa, R., Johansen, H.K., and Molin, S. (2022). Persistent Bacterial Infections, Antibiotic Treatment Failure, and Microbial Adaptive Evolution. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030419"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boahen, A., Than, L.T.L., Loke, Y.-L., and Chew, S.Y. (2022). The Antibiofilm Role of Biotics Family in Vaginal Fungal Infections. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.787119"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muzny, C.A., and Sobel, J.D. (2022). The Role of Antimicrobial Resistance in Refractory and Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis and Current Recommendations for Treatment. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202203.0042.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiome of Reproductive-Age Women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00731-9","article-title":"Metagenomic Analysis Reveals the Novel Role of Vaginal Lactobacillus Iners in Chinese Healthy Pregnant Women","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13660","article-title":"The Probiotic Properties and Potential of Vaginal Lactobacillus Spp. Isolated from Healthy Women against Some Vaginal Pathogens","volume":"74","author":"Asadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-021-00942-5","article-title":"Evaluation of Inhibitory and Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Vaginal Microflora","volume":"67","author":"Shazadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40304-3","article-title":"Detection of Vaginal Lactobacilli as Probiotic Candidates","volume":"9","author":"Pino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09675-2","article-title":"Novel Potential Probiotic Lactobacilli for Prevention and Treatment of Vulvovaginal Infections","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.04.001","article-title":"The Role of Lactic Acid Production by Probiotic Lactobacillus Species in Vaginal Health","volume":"168","author":"Tachedjian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avitabile, E., Menotti, L., Croatti, V., Giordani, B., Parolin, C., and Vitali, B. (2024). Protective Mechanisms of Vaginal Lactobacilli against Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179168"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2025.100299","article-title":"Vaginal Lactobacillus Gasseri Biosurfactant: A Novel Bio- and Eco-Compatible Anti-Candida Agent","volume":"10","author":"Monti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-016-1225-5","article-title":"Biofilms of Vaginal Lactobacillus Reuteri CRL 1324 and Lactobacillus Rhamnosus CRL 1332: Kinetics of Formation and Matrix Characterization","volume":"198","author":"Rault","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2024.03.016","article-title":"Aggregation and Adhesion Ability of Various Probiotic Strains and Candida Species: An in Vitro Study","volume":"19","author":"Chantanawilas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e64473","article-title":"Probiotics for the Prevention of Vaginal Infections: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehtoranta, L., Ala-Jaakkola, R., Laitila, A., and Maukonen, J. (2022). Healthy Vaginal Microbiota and Influence of Probiotics Across the Female Life Span. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.819958"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftad012","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftad012","article-title":"Probiotics in Vaginal Health","volume":"81","author":"Mashatan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.03.015","article-title":"The Female Urogenital Microbiome: Ecological Insights, Therapeutic Strategies, and Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Dillen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-61.12.1636","article-title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility of Potentially Probiotic Lactobacillus Species","volume":"61","author":"Charteris","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5165916","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5165916","article-title":"Functional Profile Evaluation of Lactobacillus Fermentum TCUESC01: A New Potential Probiotic Strain Isolated during Cocoa Fermentation","volume":"2017","author":"Melo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.007","article-title":"Lactobacillus Iners: Friend or Foe?","volume":"25","author":"Petrova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00913-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Immunoregulatory Effects of Lactobacillus Delbrueckii 45E against Genitourinary Pathogens","volume":"30","author":"Bnfaga","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00055-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00055-18","article-title":"Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Lactic Acid in Human Cervicovaginal Fluid","volume":"3","author":"Tyssen","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Happel, A.-U., Kullin, B., Gamieldien, H., Wentzel, N., Zauchenberger, C.Z., Jaspan, H.B., Dabee, S., Barnabas, S.L., Jaumdally, S.Z., and Dietrich, J. (2020). Exploring Potential of Vaginal Lactobacillus Isolates from South African Women for Enhancing Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008559"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campaner, A.B., Ros\u00e1rio Sica, A.C.A., D\u2019 Avila Curi, F.S., Marchetti, G., Dias, G.S., and Teixeira, B.L. (2025). In Vivo Assessment of the Effect of Gel Containing Lactic Acid and Glycogen on Vaginal Microbiota and pH of Asymptomatic Women of Reproductive Age. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321737"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tidbury, F., Br\u00fclhart, G., M\u00fcller, G., Pavicic, E., Weidlinger, S., Eichner, G., Von Wolff, M., and Stute, P. (2025). Effectiveness and Tolerability of Lactic Acid Vaginal Gel Compared to Oral Metronidazole in the Treatment of Acute Symptomatic Bacterial Vaginosis: A Multicenter, Randomized-Controlled, Head-to-Head Pilot Study. BMC Women\u2019s Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03513-1"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hanlon, D.E., Moench, T.R., and Cone, R.A. (2011). In Vaginal Fluid, Bacteria Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis Can Be Suppressed with Lactic Acid but Not Hydrogen Peroxide. BMC Infect. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-200"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pani\u00e1gua, A.L., Correia, A.F., Pereira, L.C., De Alencar, B.M., Silva, F.B.A., Almeida, R.M., and De Medeiros N\u00f3brega, Y.K. (2021). Inhibitory Effects of Lactobacillus Casei Shirota against Both Candida Auris and Candida Spp. Isolates That Cause Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Are Resistant to Antifungals. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03405-z"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Z., Luna, Y., Yu, P., and Fan, H. (2014). Lactobacilli Inactivate Chlamydia Trachomatis through Lactic Acid but Not H2O2. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107758"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt156","article-title":"Vaginal Concentrations of Lactic Acid Potently Inactivate HIV","volume":"68","author":"Aldunate","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01337-5","article-title":"Lactic Acid from Vaginal Microbiota Enhances Cervicovaginal Epithelial Barrier Integrity by Promoting Tight Junction Protein Expression","volume":"10","author":"Jesaveluk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"39","article-title":"Lactic Acid as a Key Factor in Restoring Vaginal Microbiota: Physiological and Clinical Aspects","volume":"5","author":"Nazarova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miko, E., and Barakonyi, A. (2023). The Role of Hydrogen-Peroxide (H2O2) Produced by Vaginal Microbiota in Female Reproductive Health. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051055"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01887.x","article-title":"Individual and Co-Operative Roles of Lactic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide in the Killing Activity of Enteric Strain Lactobacillus Johnsonii NCC933 and Vaginal Strain Lactobacillus Gasseri KS120.1 against Enteric, Uropathogenic and Vaginosis-Associated Pathog: Hydrogen Peroxide and Lactic Acid Co-Operate for Killing","volume":"304","author":"Atassi","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22913","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.22913","article-title":"Vaginal Protection by H2O2-Producing Lactobacilli","volume":"8","author":"Sgibnev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2025.100336","article-title":"Current Knowledge on the Polymicrobial Interaction and Biofilm between Saccharomyces and Lactobacillaceae: Regulatory Mechanisms and Applications","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15752","article-title":"Functional and Safety Characterization of Beneficial Vaginal Lactic Acid Bacteria for the Design of Vaginal Hygiene Products","volume":"133","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Miranda, M.H., and Nader, M.E.F. (2020). Advances in the Design of A Multi-Strain Homologous Probiotic Formula for Cattle, MedDocs Publishers LLC."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parolin, C., Croatti, V., Laghi, L., Giordani, B., Tondi, M.R., De Gregorio, P.R., Foschi, C., and Vitali, B. (2021). Lactobacillus Biofilms Influence Anti-Candida Activity. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.750368"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02733-21","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02733-21","article-title":"Evaluation of Modulatory Activities of Lactobacillus Crispatus Strains in the Context of the Vaginal Microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Argentini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01769-7","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance of LACTOBACILLUS Strains","volume":"76","author":"Anisimova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10657-5","article-title":"Alleviative Effect of Vaginal Lactobacilli with Probiotic Potential from Healthy Chinese Women on Bacterial Vaginosis Caused by Gardnerella Vaginalis in Mice","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00f8hr-Meldgaard, K., Struve, C., Ingmer, H., Koza, A., Al-Nakeeb, K., and Agers\u00f8, Y. (2023). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Tentative Epidemiological Cut-off Values for Lactobacillaceae Family Species Intended for Ingestion. Front. Antibiot., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/frabi.2023.1162636"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01738-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01738-18","article-title":"Genus-Wide Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance in Lactobacillus Spp.","volume":"85","author":"Campedelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1173","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1173","article-title":"Antimicrobial Properties of Lactobacillus Cell-free Supernatants against Multidrug-resistant Urogenital Pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Scillato","year":"2021","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"127","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Potential Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Pig Feces at Various Production Stages","volume":"87","author":"Uezen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09838-9","article-title":"In Vitro Assessment of Lactobacillus Crispatus UBLCp01, Lactobacillus Gasseri UBLG36, and Lactobacillus Johnsonii UBLJ01 as a Potential Vaginal Probiotic Candidate","volume":"15","author":"Ahire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01915.x","article-title":"Adhesion and Aggregation Ability of Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus Acidophilus M92: Adhesion of L. acidophilus M92","volume":"94","author":"Kos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2025.103597","article-title":"Exploring the Functional and Probiotic Potential of Bacteriocin-Producing Lactobacilli from Algerian Kaddid","volume":"66","author":"Boubakri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elean, M., Arroyo Guerra, A., Albarracin, L., Nishiyama, K., Kitazawa, H., Audisio, M.C., and Villena, J. (2025). Genomic Characterization of the Honeybee\u2013Probiotic Strain Ligilactobacillus salivarius A3iob. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15172606"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/9\/875\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:21:40Z","timestamp":1789100500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/9\/875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics15090875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15090875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}}}