{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:06:15Z","timestamp":1789553175669,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Community-acquired intra-abdominal infections (CA-IAIs) exhibit significant clinical heterogeneity. However, most studies focusing on CA-IAIs do not stratify comparisons by infection site. Methods: This post hoc analysis of the prospective multicenter PERICOM cohort (13 French university hospitals, April 2018 to February 2019) included adult patients with CA-IAIs requiring surgical management. We compared clinical characteristics, microbiology, and outcomes between appendicular and non-appendicular sites. Secondary analyses assessed the impact of Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or fungal documentation, and the theoretical coverage of empirical antibiotic regimens. Results: Of the 205 patients, 86 (42%) had appendicular and 119 (58%) had non-appendicular CA-IAIs. Appendicular CA-IAIs involved younger patients with fewer comorbidities and were followed by fewer major postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo score \u2265 3: 10% versus 43%, p &lt; 0.001) and no deaths (0% versus 12%, p &lt; 0.001). Among 118 culture-positive patients, appendicular CA-IAIs showed higher rates of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (25% versus 10%, p = 0.046) and anaerobes (53% versus 28%, p = 0.008) and were more often polymicrobial (76% versus 55%, p = 0.020). Conversely, Staphylococcus spp. (0% versus 9%, p = 0.036) and fungal co-infection (0% versus 12%, p = 0.010) were confined to non-appendicular CA-IAIs. Furthermore, Enterococcus spp. documentation (24\/118, 20%) identified patients with greater admission severity and higher 28-day mortality (33% versus 2%, p &lt; 0.001). Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid plus gentamicin covered the isolates of 92% of patients versus 61% for third-generation cephalosporin plus metronidazole (p &lt; 0.001), a difference identical in both appendicular and non-appendicular sites. Conclusions: Appendicular and non-appendicular CA-IAIs appear to be distinct entities, supporting stratified management. Future guidelines should consider site-specific strategies, therapeutic individualization, and the integration of CA-IAI ecology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15090910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T09:06:37Z","timestamp":1789549597000},"page":"910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Appendicular Versus Non-Appendicular Community-Acquired Intra-Abdominal Infections: A Post-Hoc Analysis of the PERICOM Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8926-3597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Chouaikhi-Perrois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UR-UM IMAGINE, Univ Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain and Emergency Medicine, N\u00eemes University Hospital, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3565-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Boulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR-UM IMAGINE, Univ Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain and Emergency Medicine, N\u00eemes University Hospital, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3846-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samy","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP HP), Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Louart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR-UM IMAGINE, Univ Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain and Emergency Medicine, N\u00eemes University Hospital, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Garrigue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, 59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Bouhours","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Angers, Angers University Hospital, 49933 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5644-3412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens Picardie, SSPC Research Unit, Universit\u00e9 de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Bouzat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Anesth\u00e9sie-R\u00e9animation, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Grenoble-Alpes, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, 38700 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Bardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Anesth\u00e9sie et des R\u00e9animations Chirurgicales, Unit\u00e9 de R\u00e9animation Chirurgicale Neuro-Traumatologique, Assistance Publique\u2014H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6073-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Pottecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le d\u2019Anesth\u00e9sie-R\u00e9animation & M\u00e9decine P\u00e9ri-Op\u00e9ratoire, Service d\u2019Anesth\u00e9sie R\u00e9animation & M\u00e9decine P\u00e9ri-Op\u00e9ratoire, H\u00f4pital de Hautepierre, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"EA3072, F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de M\u00e9decine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Michelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine d\u2019Urgence, H\u00f4pital de la Timone\u2014AP-HM, Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, UMR 1263 C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Perbet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Estaing, University of Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Aymart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Accueil des Urgences, H\u00f4pital d\u2019Instruction des Arm\u00e9es Percy, 92140 Clamart, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Incagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Lloret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR-UM IMAGINE, Univ Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain and Emergency Medicine, N\u00eemes University Hospital, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Anatole","family":"Harrois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP HP), Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3422-5705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Montravers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Anesth\u00e9sie-R\u00e9animation Chirurgicale\u2014DMU PARABOL, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Cit\u00e9, CHU Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, 75018 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6055-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Roger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR-UM IMAGINE, Univ Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain and Emergency Medicine, N\u00eemes University Hospital, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1754","article-title":"International Study of the Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection in Intensive Care Units","volume":"302","author":"Vincent","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy313","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy313","article-title":"Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Worldwide Data From the Intensive Care over Nations Audit","volume":"5","author":"Sakr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05819-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of Intra-Abdominal Infection and Sepsis in Critically Ill Patients: \u201cAbSeS\u201d, a Multinational Observational Cohort Study and ESICM Trials Group Project","volume":"45","author":"Blot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abaziou, T., Vardon-Bounes, F., Conil, J.-M., Rouget, A., Ruiz, S., Grare, M., Fourcade, O., Suc, B., Leone, M., and Minville, V. (2020). Outcome of Community- versus Hospital-Acquired Intra-Abdominal Infections in Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Study. BMC Anesthesiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-020-01209-1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-6-7","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Abdominal Infections","volume":"6","author":"Lopez","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2007.092","article-title":"Epidemiology, Management, and Prognosis of Secondary Non-Postoperative Peritonitis: A French Prospective Observational Multicenter Study","volume":"10","author":"Gauzit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.10.031","article-title":"Is Pseudomonas Infection Associated with Worse Outcomes in Pediatric Perforated Appendicitis?","volume":"56","author":"Theodorou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w20055","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2019.20055","article-title":"Impact of Co-Amoxicillin-Resistant Escherichia Coli and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Rate of Infectious Complications in Paediatric Complicated Appendicitis","volume":"149","author":"Andrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-002-6705-x","article-title":"Factors Affecting Mortality in Generalized Postoperative Peritonitis: Multivariate Analysis in 96 Patients","volume":"27","author":"Mulier","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411162","article-title":"Trial of Short-Course Antimicrobial Therapy for Intraabdominal Infection","volume":"372","author":"Sawyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001683","article-title":"Time to Source Control and Outcome in Community-Acquired Intra-Abdominal Infections: The Multicentre Observational PERICOM Study","volume":"39","author":"Roger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"117","article-title":"Guidelines for Management of Intra-Abdominal Infections","volume":"34","author":"Montravers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R99","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7931","article-title":"Factors Associated with Septic Shock and Mortality in Generalized Peritonitis: Comparison between Community-Acquired and Postoperative Peritonitis","volume":"13","author":"Dray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.3.486","article-title":"Emergence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Cases of Peritonitis after Intraabdominal Surgery Affects the Efficacy of Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy","volume":"23","author":"Montravers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03360.x","article-title":"A Multicentre Study of Antifungal Strategies and Outcome of Candida Spp. Peritonitis in Intensive-Care Units","volume":"17","author":"Montravers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01507.x","article-title":"Factors Associated with Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Secondary Peritonitis: Impact on Antibiotic Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Seguin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.06.008","article-title":"Management and Outcome of High-Risk Peritonitis: A Retrospective Survey 2005\u20132009","volume":"15","author":"Theunissen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2581-8","article-title":"Impact of Species and Antibiotic Therapy of Enterococcal Peritonitis on 30-Day Mortality in Critical Care\u2014An Analysis of the OUTCOMEREA Database","volume":"23","author":"Morvan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr308","article-title":"Enterococci Increase the Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Severe Intra-Abdominal Infections in Elderly Patients Hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"66","author":"Dupont","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716\u2013721; discussion 721\u2013723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(05)80040-6","article-title":"Definition of the Role of Enterococcus in Intraabdominal Infection: Analysis of a Prospective Randomized Trial","volume":"118","author":"Burnett","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-1323.2001.02023.x","article-title":"Postoperative Enterococcal Infection after Treatment of Complicated Intra-Abdominal Sepsis","volume":"89","author":"Girvent","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"883","article-title":"French Legal Approach to Patient Consent in Clinical Research","volume":"39","author":"Toulouse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies","volume":"147","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510240069035","article-title":"A New Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) Based on a European\/North American Multicenter Study","volume":"270","author":"Lemeshow","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","article-title":"The SOFA (Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment) Score to Describe Organ Dysfunction\/Failure","volume":"22","author":"Vincent","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"518","article-title":"Proposed Classification of Complications of Surgery with Examples of Utility in Cholecystectomy","volume":"111","author":"Clavien","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000133083.54934.ae","article-title":"Classification of Surgical Complications: A New Proposal with Evaluation in a Cohort of 6336 Patients and Results of a Survey","volume":"240","author":"Dindo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000053525.49267.77","article-title":"Can Yeast Isolation in Peritoneal Fluid Be Predicted in Intensive Care Unit Patients with Peritonitis?","volume":"31","author":"Dupont","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2026, June 01). Clinical Breakpoints. Version 14.0. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-018-2992-z","article-title":"Bacterial Culture and Antibiotic Susceptibility in Patients with Acute Appendicitis","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0087","article-title":"Initiation of Inappropriate Antimicrobial Therapy Results in a Fivefold Reduction of Survival in Human Septic Shock","volume":"136","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00627-10","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Appropriate Empiric Antibiotic Therapy for Sepsis","volume":"54","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01534-w","article-title":"Antimicrobial Lessons From a Large Observational Cohort on Intra-Abdominal Infections in Intensive Care Units","volume":"81","author":"Vogelaers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-7-36","article-title":"Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections in Europe: A Comprehensive Review of the CIAO Study","volume":"7","author":"Sartelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01782-09","article-title":"Multicenter Study Evaluating the Role of Enterococci in Secondary Bacterial Peritonitis","volume":"48","author":"Cercenado","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-017-0141-6","article-title":"The Management of Intra-Abdominal Infections from a Global Perspective: 2017 WSES Guidelines for Management of Intra-Abdominal Infections","volume":"12","author":"Sartelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s004230050169","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Intraabdominal Infections: A Prospective Multicenter Study","volume":"384","author":"Wacha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Langenbeck\u2019s Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.12.001","article-title":"Risk Factors for Mortality and Cost Implications of Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"50","author":"Carelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2013.262","article-title":"The Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance in Managing Intra-Abdominal Infections","volume":"16","author":"Sartelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/9\/910\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T09:33:36Z","timestamp":1789551216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/9\/910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics15090910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15090910","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}}}