{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:06:55Z","timestamp":1790140015935,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shandong Agriculture Research System","award":["SDARS-21-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDARS-21-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives:\u00a0Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen and a potential reservoir of clinically important antimicrobial resistance genes in animal production. However, mink-derived P. mirabilis remains poorly characterized. This study investigated multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates from intensive mink farms, focusing on clinically important \u03b2-lactamase genes, their genomic backgrounds, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Methods:\u00a0 Among 373 fecal and intestinal-content samples collected from six mink farms in Shandong Province, China, 68 P. mirabilis isolates were recovered. All underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ESBL confirmation, and virulence-associated phenotypic assays. The 39 ESBL-positive isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing, followed by analyses of antimicrobial resistance genes, the pangenome, and MGEs and comparison with 198 publicly available genomes. Results:\u00a0 Of the 373 sampled mink, 68 (18.2%) were P. mirabilis positive, and 39 (10.5%) carried ESBL-producing isolates. Of the 68 isolates, 63 (92.6%) were multidrug resistant, and 39 (57.4%) were ESBL positive. All exhibited strong biofilm formation and urease activity, while 83.8% showed strong swarming motility. Among the sequenced isolates, blaCTX-M genes were identified in 32 isolates and blaNDM-1 in three. Both blaCTX-M-65- and blaNDM-1-positive isolates were distributed across multiple genomic lineages, with blaCTX-M-65 additionally detected in multiple sequence types. This distribution indicates that these genes were not restricted to a single clone but does not demonstrate horizontal gene transfer. MGE-associated features showed same-contig co-occurrence with several resistance genes, notably IS903\u2013blaCTX-M-65 and ISAba125\u2013blaNDM-1. The sequenced isolates also exhibited substantial accessory-genome diversity and widely distributed virulence determinants associated with adhesion, motility, iron acquisition, and toxin-related functions. Conclusions:\u00a0 Mink-derived P. mirabilis exhibited extensive multidrug resistance and carried clinically important \u03b2-lactamase genes across diverse genomic backgrounds. These findings support the inclusion of fur-animal production systems in One Health surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant P. mirabilis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15090933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:28:43Z","timestamp":1790090923000},"page":"933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Characteristics of ESBL-Producing Proteus mirabilis from Farmed Mink in Shandong Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shihao","family":"Xuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zunfeng","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Huiyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuming","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Huajie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weihai Animal Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control Center, Weihai 264200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3634-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianzhu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guisheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3636-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-015-0720-6","article-title":"Significance and roles of Proteus spp. bacteria in natural environments","volume":"72","author":"Drzewiecka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. 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