{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T11:02:06Z","timestamp":1781780526033,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]],"date-time":"2014-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a serious healthcare dilemma influencing millions of patients every year and represent the second most frequent type of body infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant pathogen causing numerous chronic biofilm-associated infections including urinary tract, nosocomial, and medical devices-related infections. In the present study, the biofilm of P. aeruginosa CCIN34519, recovered from inpatients with UTIs, was established on polystyrene substratum and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and was utilized for visualization of the biofilm. A previously described in vitro system for real-time monitoring of biofilm growth\/inhibition was utilized to assess the antimicrobial effects of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, ertapenem, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and tobramycin as single antibiotics as well as in combinations with zinc sulfate (2.5 mM) against P. aeruginosa CCIN34519 biofilm. Meanwhile, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) at 24 h and mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) at 96 h were determined for the aforementioned antibiotics. The real-time monitoring data revealed diverse responses of P. aeruginosa CCIN34519 biofilm to the tested antibiotic-zinc sulfate combinations with potential synergisms in cases of fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and norfloxacin) and carbapenem (ertapenem) as demonstrated by reduced MIC and MPC values. Conversely, considerable antagonisms were observed with cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) and aminoglycosides (gentamicin, and tobramycin) as shown by substantially increased MICs and MPCs values. Further deliberate in vivo investigations for the promising synergisms are required to evaluate their therapeutic potentials for treatment of UTIs caused by P. aeruginosa biofilms as well as for developing preventive strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics3010064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]],"date-time":"2014-02-17T13:44:35Z","timestamp":1392644675000},"page":"64-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["In Vitro Antibiofilm Efficacies of Different Antibiotic Combinations with Zinc Sulfate against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Recovered from Hospitalized Patients with Urinary Tract Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Walid","family":"Elkhatib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University,  African Union Organization St. Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University,  Kittrell Hall Hampton, Virginia 23668, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Noreddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University,  Kittrell Hall Hampton, Virginia 23668, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Ave, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.090720","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: An emerging link to disease pathogenesis","volume":"57","author":"Parsek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.08.009","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"5","author":"Drenkard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21011","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"44","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-008-8079-9","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in CF Infection","volume":"35","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2006.02.011","article-title":"Pediatric urinary tract infections","volume":"53","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2009.08.003","article-title":"Urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"2","author":"Mittal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1067\/mda.2003.7","article-title":"Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: Incidence, morbidity, and economic costs","volume":"49","author":"Foxman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dis. Mon."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000152365.43125.3b","article-title":"Urologic Diseases in America Project: Analytical methods and principal findings","volume":"173","author":"Litwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5238","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00637-11","article-title":"Role of exopolysaccharides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and architecture","volume":"77","author":"Ghafoor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2007.09.010","article-title":"Role of polysaccharides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development","volume":"10","author":"Ryder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001264","article-title":"The Pel polysaccharide can serve a structural and protective role in the biofilm matrix of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"7","author":"Colvin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00022-12","article-title":"Heterogeneity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms includes expression of ribosome hibernation factors in the antibiotic-tolerant subpopulation and hypoxia-induced stress response in the metabolically active population","volume":"194","author":"Williamson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2007.07.004","article-title":"Superbugs in the coming new decade: Multidrug resistance and prospects for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 2010","volume":"1010","author":"Nordmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02891-7","article-title":"The resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics","volume":"22","author":"Algun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00148-07","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from Germany and correlation with hypermutation","volume":"51","author":"Henrichfreise","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"134","article-title":"Comparison of in vitro activities of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, and piperacillintazobactam against aerobic bacterial pathogens from patients with nosocomial infections","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1086\/523280","article-title":"Relationship between rates of antimicrobial consumption and the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from 47 French hospitals","volume":"28","author":"Rogues","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.2005.25.10.1353","article-title":"Nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Epidemiology and treatment options","volume":"25","author":"Obritsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2005.09.018","article-title":"Unmet medical needs in antibacterial therapy","volume":"71","author":"Rice","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2174\/138161213804070311","article-title":"Mechanisms of \u03b2-lactam resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"19","author":"Wolter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12015","article-title":"Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on cultured airway cells by a fosfomycin\/tobramycin antibiotic combination","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05041-11","article-title":"Combination therapy for treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria","volume":"25","author":"Tamma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks296","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of tobramycin and aztreonam versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on cystic fibrosis-derived human airway epithelial cells","volume":"67","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0603699","article-title":"Zinc through the three domains of life","volume":"5","author":"Andreini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75389","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075389","article-title":"The transcriptional Regulator Np20 is the zinc uptake regulator in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"8","author":"Ellison","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6021","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01484-12","article-title":"The urinary antibiotic 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline (Nitroxoline) reduces the formation and induces the dispersal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by chelation of iron and zinc","volume":"56","author":"Sobke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2011). CLSI. CLSI document M100-S21 (ISBN 1-56238-742-1)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044289","article-title":"Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma","volume":"7","author":"Alkawareek","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200320365","article-title":"The application of biofilm science to the study and control of chronic bacterial infections","volume":"112","author":"Costerton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.11.010","article-title":"Survival strategies of infectious biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Fux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02122","article-title":"A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance","volume":"426","author":"Mah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro821","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: From the natural environment to infectious diseases","volume":"2","author":"Costerton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7948","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00787-07","article-title":"Biofilms: Broadened horizons and new emphases","volume":"189","author":"Palmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01259-4","article-title":"Establishment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: Lessons from a versatile opportunist","volume":"2","author":"Lyczak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.05.007","article-title":"Ambroxol interferes with Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2007.11732766","article-title":"Effect of pH on the antimicrobial susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm-grown clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates","volume":"64","author":"Moriarty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.1.317-323.2003","article-title":"Contributions of antibiotic penetration, oxygen limitation, and low metabolic activity to tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to ciprofloxacin and tobramycin","volume":"47","author":"Walters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099390","article-title":"Bacterial persistence as a phenotypic switch","volume":"305","author":"Balaban","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00156.x","article-title":"The importance of being persistent: Heterogeneity of bacterial populations under antibiotic stress","volume":"33","author":"Gefen","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1557","article-title":"Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease","volume":"5","author":"Lewis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6191","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01651-09","article-title":"Emergence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing high levels of persister cells in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"192","author":"Mulcahy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2001.tb01268.x","article-title":"A non-surgical rat model of foreign body-associated urinary tract infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"45","author":"Kurosaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.4.2008-2017.2002","article-title":"Statistical analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development: Impact of mutations in genes involved in twitching motility, cell-to-cell signaling, and stationary-phase sigma factor expression","volume":"68","author":"Heydorn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.04.006","article-title":"In vitro prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa early biofilm formation with antibiotics used in cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"40","author":"Olmos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agent"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61625","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061625","article-title":"Identification of genes involved in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-specific resistance to antibiotics","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.08.003","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in outpatient urinary isolates: Final results from the North American Urinary Tract Infection Collaborative Alliance (NAUTICA)","volume":"26","author":"Zhanel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.10.031","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide particles on five micro-organisms of the Challenge Tests related to their physicochemical properties","volume":"460","author":"Pasquet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.10.005","article-title":"Development of a poly(ether urethane) system for the controlled release of two novel anti-biofilm agents based on gallium or zinc and its efficacy to prevent bacterial biofilm formation","volume":"172","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01161.x","article-title":"Treatment and control of severe infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"11","author":"Rossolini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2010.03.020","article-title":"Co-spray-dried mannitol-ciprofloxacin dry powder inhaler formulation for cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"40","author":"Adi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt025","article-title":"Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance. Changes in fluoroquinolone resistance over 5 years (CANWARD 2007-11) in bacterial pathogens isolated in Canadian hospitals","volume":"68","author":"Karlowsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01581-12","article-title":"Quantitative contributions of target alteration and decreased drug accumulation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa fluoroquinolone resistance","volume":"57","author":"Bruchmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2005.17.5.484","article-title":"Comparison of the minimum inhibitory, mutant prevention and minimum bactericidal concentrations of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and garenoxacin against enteric Gram-negative urinary tract infection pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Hansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200666010-00001","article-title":"Optimising dosing strategies of antibacterials utilizing pharmacodynamic principles: Impact on the development of resistance","volume":"66","author":"DeRyke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.10.005","article-title":"Mutant prevention concentration for ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin with Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"27","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"245","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of respiratory fluoroquinolones. Guideline to selection of the most appropriate fluoroquinolone","volume":"25","author":"Ruiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.2001-2007.2001","article-title":"MexXY-OprM efflux pump is required for antagonism of aminoglycosides by divalent cations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"45","author":"Mao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.01.003","article-title":"Crystal structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa SPM-1 provides insights into variable zinc affinity of metallo-beta-lactamases","volume":"357","author":"Murphy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2009.09.007","article-title":"A green biocide enhancer for the treatment of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) biofilms on carbon steel surfaces using glutaraldehyde","volume":"63","author":"Wen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2009.21.2.135","article-title":"Microbiological appraisal of levofloxacin activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in combination with different calcium channel blockers in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Elkhatib","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg255","article-title":"Stretching the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) beyond its limits","volume":"51","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/3\/1\/64\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:08:12Z","timestamp":1760216892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/3\/1\/64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics3010064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics3010064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]]}}}