{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:06:57Z","timestamp":1764601617525,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,26]],"date-time":"2014-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mucosa and overlying fluid of the female reproductive tract (FRT) are portals for the heterosexual transmission of HIV-1. Toward the ongoing development of topically applied microbicides and mucosal vaccines against HIV-1, it is evermore important to understand how the dynamic FRT mucosa is involved in controlling transmission and infection of HIV-1. Cationic peptides and proteins are the principal innate immune effector molecules of mucosal surfaces, and interact in a combinatorial fashion to modulate HIV-1 infection of the cervix and vagina. While cationic peptides and proteins have historically been categorized as antimicrobial or have other host-benefitting roles, an increasing number of these molecules have been found to augment HIV-1 infection and potentially antagonize host defense. Complex environmental factors such as hormonal fluctuations and\/or bacterial and viral co-infections provide additional challenges to both experimentation and interpretation of results. In the context of heterosexual transmission of HIV-1, this review explores how various cationic peptides and proteins participate in modulating host defense against HIV-1 of the cervicovaginal mucosa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics3040677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,26]],"date-time":"2014-11-26T11:03:28Z","timestamp":1416999808000},"page":"677-693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Cationic Polypeptides in Modulating HIV-1 Infection of the Cervicovaginal Mucosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine,  4110 Libra Drive Building 20, Room 236, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine,  4110 Libra Drive Building 20, Room 236, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2013.0302","article-title":"Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for prevention of HIV in serodiscordant heterosexual couples in the United States: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"28","author":"McMahon","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.04.025","article-title":"Progress in HIV-1 vaccine development","volume":"134","author":"Haynes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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