{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:30:13Z","timestamp":1770903013350,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]],"date-time":"2015-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) methodology has been progressively refined over the past several years. The procedure has an extensive track record of success curing Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) with remarkably few adverse effects. It achieves similar levels of success whether the CDI occurs in the young or elderly, previously normal or profoundly ill patients, or those with CDI in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). While using FMT to treat CDI, however, we learned that using the procedure in other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, such as IBD without CDI, generally fails to effect cure. To improve results in treating other non-CDI diseases, innovatively designed Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) will be required to address questions about mechanisms operating within particular diseases. Availability of orally deliverable FMT products, such as capsules containing lyophilised fecal microbiota, will simplify CDI treatment and open the door to convenient, prolonged FMT delivery to the GI tract and will likely deliver improved results in both CDI and non-CDI diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics4030254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]],"date-time":"2015-07-06T12:21:05Z","timestamp":1436185265000},"page":"254-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Expanding Horizons for Clostridium difficile Infections and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Borody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Digestive Diseases, 1\/229 Great North Rd, Five Dock, NSW 2046 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Peattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pleiades Advisors, 13 Oak Meadow Road, Lincoln, MA 01773, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Digestive Diseases, 1\/229 Great North Rd, Five Dock, NSW 2046 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205037","article-title":"Duodenal infusion of donor feces for  recurrent Clostridium difficile","volume":"368","author":"Vrieze","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"854","article-title":"Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis","volume":"44","author":"Eiseman","year":"1958","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"389","article-title":"Pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Further observations on the value of donor fecal enemata as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis","volume":"2","author":"Collins","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Proctol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"3831","article-title":"Fecal feedings as a therapy in Staphylococcus enterocolitis","volume":"59","author":"Cutolo","year":"1959","journal-title":"NY State J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1110","article-title":"Pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic therapy\u2014An emerging entity","volume":"111","author":"Fenton","year":"1974","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"178","article-title":"Pseudomembraneous enterocolitis: Mechanism for restoring floral homeostasis","volume":"47","author":"Bowden","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90753-5","article-title":"Relapsing Clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of homologous faeces","volume":"2","author":"Schwan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1086\/423273","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile cause distinct pseudomembranous intestinal diseases","volume":"39","author":"Froberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.08.014","article-title":"Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Bakken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alang, N., and Kelly, C.R. (2015). Weight gain after fecal microbiota transplantation. Open Forum Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv004"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir632","article-title":"Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"53","author":"Gough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Borody, T., Leis, S., Pang, G., and Wettstein, A. Fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Available online: http:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-in-the-treatment-of-recurrent-clostridium-difficile-infection."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04737.x","article-title":"Review article: Faecal transplantation therapy for gastrointestinal disease","volume":"34","author":"Landy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.450","article-title":"American journal of gastroenterology lecture: Intestinal microbiota and the role of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) in treatment of C. difficile infection","volume":"108","author":"Brandt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.032","article-title":"Efficacy of combined jejunal and colonic fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"12","author":"Dutta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.60","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"107","author":"Brandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blumberg, R., and Powrie, F. (2012). Microbiota, disease, and back to health: A metastable journey. Sci. Transl. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004184"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.146","article-title":"Could fecal microbiota transplantation cure all Clostridium difficile infections?","volume":"9","author":"Borody","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.07.041","article-title":"Hypothesis: A motor neuron toxin produced by a clostridial species residing in gut causes ALS","volume":"64","author":"Longstreth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01202","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01202","article-title":"Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Scher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.024","article-title":"Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"155","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181e5d06b","article-title":"Durable alteration of the colonic microbiota by the administration of donor fecal flora","volume":"44","author":"Grehan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Khanna, S., Pardi, D.S., Kelly, C., Pindar, C., Kammer, D., McKenney, J., Vuliv, M., Lombardo, M., Henn, M., and Aunins, J. Clinical evaluation of ser-109, a rationally designed, oral microbiome-based therapeutic for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile. Available online: http:\/\/www.gastro.org\/pressroom\/James_W._Freston_Abstract_Orally_Delivered_Microbes.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.09.060","article-title":"Guidance on preparing an investigational new drug application for fecal microbiota transplantation studies","volume":"12","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1086\/430315","article-title":"Increasing risk of relapse after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in Quebec, Canada","volume":"40","author":"Pepin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408913","article-title":"Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States","volume":"372","author":"Lessa","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, M., Aroniadis, O.C., Brandt, L.J., Kelly, C., Freeman, S., Surawicz, C., Broussard, E., Stollman, N., Giovanelli, A., and Smith, B.A. (2014). A long-term follow-up study of the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) for recurrent\/severe\/complicated C. difficile infection (CDI) in the elderly. Gastroenterology, 146.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(14)60147-5"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(13)60656-3","article-title":"Long-term follow-up study of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for severe or complicated Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)","volume":"144","author":"Aroniadis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.133","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in immunocompromised patients","volume":"109","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S556","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201310001-01840","article-title":"Safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in immunocompromised (IC) patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)","volume":"108","author":"Brandt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, C.L., Mowery, A.D., Khara, H.S., Shellenberger, M.J., and Komar, M. (2014, January 20). C. Difficile small bowel enteritis after total proctocolectomy successfully treated with fecal transplant. Presented at the American College of Gastroenterologists, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201410002-01500"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(08)61684-4","article-title":"Clostridium difficile complicating inflammatory bowel disease: Pre-and post-treatment findings","volume":"134","author":"Borody","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"A57","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) eradicates Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)","volume":"1","author":"Borody","year":"2013","journal-title":"UEG J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-201212001-00169","article-title":"Fecal bacteriotherapy in a 6 year old patient with ulcerative colitis and Clostridium difficile: P\u2010136 yi","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136704.x","article-title":"Bowel-flora alteration: A potential cure for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome?","volume":"150","author":"Borody","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2012.08.008","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: Techniques, applications, and issues","volume":"41","author":"Borody","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S665","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201210001-01644","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in ulcerative colitis: Review of 24 years experience","volume":"107","author":"Borody","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.001","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"149","author":"Moayyedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.03.045","article-title":"Findings from a randomized controlled trial of fecal transplantation for patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"149","author":"Rossen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7213","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i41.7213","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for severe enterocolonic fistulizing crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.02.009","article-title":"The microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease: Current status and the future ahead","volume":"146","author":"Kostic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"A57","article-title":"Preliminary clinical results of repeatedly fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in chronic active ulcerative colitis","volume":"1","author":"Kump","year":"2013","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e31829ea325","article-title":"Alteration of intestinal dysbiosis by fecal microbiota transplantation does not induce remission in patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis","volume":"19","author":"Kump","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O977","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12683","article-title":"Donor feces infusion for eradication of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in a patient with end stage renal disease","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freedman, A. (2014). Use of Stool Transplant to Clear Fecal Colonization with Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteraciae (cre): Proof of Concept, Infectious Diseases Society of America.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu051.177"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.482","article-title":"Standardized frozen preparation for transplantation of fecal microbiota for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"107","author":"Hamilton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13875","article-title":"Oral, capsulized, frozen fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"312","author":"Youngster","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.08.058","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"145","author":"Smits","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/4\/3\/254\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:48:47Z","timestamp":1760215727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/4\/3\/254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics4030254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics4030254","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]]}}}