{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:50:41Z","timestamp":1792432241191,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]],"date-time":"2016-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chloramphenicol (CAM) is the D-threo isomer of a small molecule, consisting of a p-nitrobenzene ring connected to a dichloroacetyl tail through a 2-amino-1,3-propanediol moiety. CAM displays a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic activity by specifically inhibiting the bacterial protein synthesis. In certain but important cases, it also exhibits bactericidal activity, namely against the three most common causes of meningitis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. Resistance to CAM has been frequently reported and ascribed to a variety of mechanisms. However, the most important concerns that limit its clinical utility relate to side effects such as neurotoxicity and hematologic disorders. In this review, we present previous and current efforts to synthesize CAM derivatives with improved pharmacological properties. In addition, we highlight potentially broader roles of these derivatives in investigating the plasticity of the ribosomal catalytic center, the main target of CAM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics5020020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]],"date-time":"2016-06-03T10:37:37Z","timestamp":1464950257000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Chloramphenicol Derivatives as Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents: Historic Problems and Current Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3914-7408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Dinos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7549-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantinos","family":"Athanassopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionissia","family":"Missiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiota","family":"Giannopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Vlachogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26, GR-41221 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionissios","family":"Papaioannou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kalpaxis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1126\/science.106.2757.417","article-title":"Chloromycetin, a new antibiotic from a soil actinomycete","volume":"106","author":"Ehrlich","year":"1947","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"Chloramphenicol","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Hann","year":"1979","journal-title":"Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Agents"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11422.x","article-title":"Cooperative and antagonistic interactions of peptidyl-tRNA and antibiotics with bacterial ribosomes","volume":"74","author":"Contreras","year":"1977","journal-title":"Eur. 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