{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:58:18Z","timestamp":1781103498155,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sime Darby Reseach and grant Arus Perdana UKM","award":["ST-2014-016 and AP2017-002\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST-2014-016 and AP2017-002\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sixty strains (n = 60) of Vibrio vulnificus were examined for their multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index, plasmid profiles, and DNA polymorphisms. Thirty-seven strains (n = 37) were isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa) in Malaysia, while 23 (n = 23) isolates were isolated from clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) in Qatar. All isolates were resistant to two or more of the antibiotics tested, with the most common resistances were demonstrated towards penicillin (93%), ampicillin (70%), cephalothin (65%), clindamycin (66%), vancomycin (64%), and erythromycin (51%). The antibiotic that experienced the least resistance was kanamycin (6%), and all isolates were susceptible to cefoperazone, streptomycin, and tetracycline. The MAR index for the V. vulnificus isolated from Malaysia and Qatar, possessed similar values which ranged from 0.2 to 0.7, respectively. Plasmid analysis demonstrated that 65% of V. vulnificus strains harbored plasmids, while 35% were not. Nineteen (P1\u2013P19) plasmids profiles were observed. No specific cluster or group was observed although they were isolated from different sample sources and locations by phylogenetic analysis using GelCompar II software at an 80% similarity level. Results demonstrated the high MAR index and genomic heterogeneity of V. vulnificus, which are of great concern to the human health of those who have consumed cockles and clams from the study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8020068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1559042289000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR), Plasmid Profiles, and DNA Polymorphisms among Vibrio vulnificus Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"M. Kurdi Al-Dulaimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Education Supervision Department, Office of Assistant undersecretary for Educational Affairs, Ministry of Education and Higher Education, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahilah","family":"Abd. Mutalib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600 UKM, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maaruf","family":"Abd. Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600 UKM, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Aqilah","family":"Mohd. Zaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600 UKM, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8930-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Azuhairi","family":"Ariffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805005674","article-title":"Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus from wild aquatic birds in Japan","volume":"134","author":"Miyasaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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