{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T01:04:32Z","timestamp":1793927072675,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic residue in chicken is a human health concern due to its harmful effects on consumer health. This study aims at screening the antibiotic residues from 80 chicken samples collected from farms located in different regions of Lebanon. An optimized multi-class method for identification and quantification of 30 antibiotics from four different chemical classes (sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones, and beta-lactams) has been developed by using liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. The evaluation of antibiotics residues in 80 chicken muscles samples has shown that 77.5% of samples were at least contaminated with antibiotics residues, out of which 53.75% were exposed to co-occurrence of multidrug residues. The screening of the four antibiotics families has shown that ciprofloxacin (quinolones) represents the highest occurrence percentage (32.5%), followed by amoxicillin (\u03b2-lactams) (22.5%) and then tetracyclines (17.5%). Means of sarafloxacin, amoxicillin, and penicillin G residues levels were above the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) recommended limit according to the European Union EC. This study revealed that chicken samples collected from Lebanese farms contain antibiotic residues. Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials agents for chicken should be adopted to reduce the prevalence of resistant Salmonella in chicken.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8020069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1559042289000},"page":"69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Evaluation of Antibiotics Residues in Chicken Meat Samples in Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Adla","family":"Jammoul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Food Department, Fanar P.O. Box: 2611, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6568-5536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada","family":"El Darra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beirut Arab University, Faculty of Heath Sciences, Tarik El Jedidah \u2013 Beirut, P.O. Box: 115020, Riad EL Solh 1107 2809, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.200390023","article-title":"Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils - A review","volume":"166","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Plant Nutr. Soil"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.04.029","article-title":"Development and validation of a pressurised liquid extraction liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry method for \u03b2-lactams and sulfonamides in animal feed","volume":"1217","author":"Kantiani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions","volume":"13","author":"Laxminarayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.04.031","article-title":"A review of novel strategies of sample preparation for the determination of antibacterial residues in foodstuffs using liquid chromatography-based analytical methods","volume":"645","author":"Marazuela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.049","article-title":"Occurrence, characterization and antimicrobial resistance of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat and dairy products","volume":"115","author":"Normanno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)00083-3","article-title":"Quantification of veterinary antibiotics (sulfonamides and trimethoprim) in animal manure by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"952","author":"Haller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1079\/095442200108729106","article-title":"Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human healt","volume":"13","author":"Barton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Commission, E. (2010). Euopean Commission Regulation Commission Regulation (EU) No 37\/2010 of 22 December 2009 on pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin, European Union."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(03)00020-3","article-title":"Veterinary drug use in poultry farms and determination of antimicrobial drug residues in commercial eggs and slaughtered chicken in Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Kabir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2009.203.207","article-title":"Assessment of antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial residues in broiler chickens in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"Nonga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pakistan J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2007.409.413","article-title":"Enrofloxacin residue in chicken tissues from Tehran slaughterhouses in Iran","volume":"6","author":"Salehzadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pakistan J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03072","article-title":"Screening of quinolone antibiotic residues in chicken meat and beef sold in the markets of Ankara, Turkey","volume":"92","author":"Er","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"950","article-title":"Emergence of carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in livestock animals in Lebanon","volume":"70","author":"Dabboussi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03824-14","article-title":"Extrahuman epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii in Lebanon","volume":"81","author":"Rafei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0019","article-title":"High prevalence of non-ST131 CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli in healthy cattle in Lebanon","volume":"23","author":"Diab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00550","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of multi-drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli isolated from lebanese poultry: A nationwide study","volume":"9","author":"Dandachi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Commission, E. (2002). European Commission Decision of 12 August 2002 Implementing Council Directive 96\/23\/EC Concerning the Performance of Analytical Methods and the Interpretation of Results, European Union."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2014.04.003","article-title":"Multi-residue and multi-class method for the determination of antibiotics in bovine muscle by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"98","author":"Freitas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/86.2.412","article-title":"Fast and Easy Multiresidue Method Employing Acetonitrile","volume":"86","author":"Anastassiades","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramatla, T., Ngoma, L., Adetunji, M., and Mwanza, M. (2017). Evaluation of Antibiotic Residues in Raw Meat Using Different Analytical Methods. Antibiotics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics6040034"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2002). AOAC Guidelines for Single Laboratory Validation of Chemical Methods for Dietary Supplements and Botanicals, AOAC International."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3819-0","article-title":"Determination of fluoroquinolone residues in poultry muscle in Portugal","volume":"397","author":"Pena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.738-743","article-title":"Antibiotic residues in broiler and layer meat in Chittagong district of Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"Sattar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"885","article-title":"Sulfonamides determination in chicken meat products from Malaysia","volume":"17","author":"Cheong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"267","article-title":"Preliminary Evaluation of Antimicrobial Residue Levels in Marketed Pork and Chicken Meat in the Red River Delta Region of Vietnam","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"3","article-title":"Review on antibiotic residues in animal products and its impact on environments and human health","volume":"5","author":"Jayalakshmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stu."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(02)00251-9","article-title":"Incidence of Salmonella from poultry products and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents","volume":"82","author":"Antunes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-005-0048-2","article-title":"Update on beta-lactam allergy diagnosis","volume":"5","author":"Demoly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2004.10.011","article-title":"A note on the incidence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat and chicken samples","volume":"69","author":"Gundogan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.006","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance profile of five major food-borne pathogens isolated from beef, pork and poultry","volume":"97","author":"Mayrhofer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2016.10.005","article-title":"High rates of CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in wild boars and Barbary macaques in Algeria","volume":"8","author":"Bachiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2001). Antibiotic Resistance: Synthesis of Recommendations by Expert Policy Groups. Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, WHO."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/8\/2\/69\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:54:12Z","timestamp":1760187252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/8\/2\/69"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics8020069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics8020069","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]}}}