{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:11:31Z","timestamp":1793052691203,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seaweeds are gaining a considerable amount of attention for their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa lentillifera, also known as \u2018sea grapes\u2019, are green seaweeds commonly found in different parts of the world, but the antioxidant and antibacterial potentials of Malaysian C. racemosa and C. lentillifera have not been thoroughly explored. In this study, crude extracts of the seaweeds were prepared using chloroform, methanol, and water. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured, followed by in vitro antioxidant activity determination using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial activities of these extracts were tested against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1. Liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LCMS) analysis was then used to determine the possible compounds present in the extract with the most potent antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Results showed that C. racemosa chloroform extract had the highest TPC (13.41 \u00b1 0.86 mg GAE\/g), antioxidant effect (EC50 at 0.65 \u00b1 0.03 mg\/mL), and the strongest antibacterial effect (97.7 \u00b1 0.30%) against MRSA. LCMS analysis proposed that the chloroform extracts of C. racemosa are mainly polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, terpenes, and alkaloids. In conclusion, C. racemosa can be a great source of novel antioxidant and antibacterial agents, but isolation and purification of the bioactive compounds are needed to study their mechanism of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8030152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T04:23:36Z","timestamp":1568694216000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Decoding Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potentials of Malaysian Green Seaweeds: Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa lentillifera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7537-3440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wing-Fai","family":"Yap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vangene","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sie-Hui","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3859-2094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon-Yen","family":"Yow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0287-8883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jactty","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, M.J., Falqu\u00e9, E., and Dom\u00ednguez, H. (2016). Antimicrobial action of compounds from marine seaweed. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14030052"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Jesus Raposo, M.F., de Morais, A.M.M.B., and de Morais, R.M.S.C. (2016). Emergent sources of prebiotics: Seaweeds and microalgae. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14020027"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.11.031","article-title":"Bioactive constituents form the green alga Caulerpa racemosa","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"220","article-title":"Components and antimicrobial activity of polysaccharides extracted from Thai brown seaweeds","volume":"44","author":"Kantachumpoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.10.067","article-title":"Pharmacological importance of sulphated polysaccharide carrageenan from red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii in comparison with commercial carrageenan","volume":"84","author":"Suganya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"5425","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Libyan seaweed extracts","volume":"5","author":"Alshalmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60125-7","article-title":"Preliminary phytochemical studies on some selected seaweeds from Gulf of Mannar, India","volume":"2","author":"Jeeva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.3390\/md9071293","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of neorogioltriol, a new diterpene extracted from the red algae Laurencia glandulifera","volume":"9","author":"Chatter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-015-0281-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of iota-carrageenan nasal spray versus placebo in early treatment of the common cold in adults: The ICICC trial","volume":"16","author":"Eccles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04678.x","article-title":"An alginate-antacid formulation (Gaviscon Double Action Liquid) can eliminate or displace the postprandial \u2018acid pocket\u2019 in symptomatic GERD patients","volume":"34","author":"Kwiatek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.06.018","article-title":"Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects\u2013A review","volume":"18","author":"Shahidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.04.005","article-title":"L-ascorbic acid induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells via hydrogen peroxide-mediated mechanisms","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5093496","article-title":"The effects of high concentrations of vitamin C on cancer cells","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2006.05.004","article-title":"Oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Chauhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2015.24.4.325","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.01.007","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in cancer: A dance with the devil","volume":"27","author":"Schumacker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2007.08.004","article-title":"HIF-dependent anti-tumorigenic effect of anti-oxidants in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4891","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling in aging","volume":"19","author":"Labunskyy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2008.05.001","article-title":"Seasonal effects of sun exposure and emersion on intertidal seaweed physiology: Fluctuations in antioxidant contents, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic efficiency in the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis K\u00fctzing (Rhodophyta, Bangiales)","volume":"361","author":"Neefus","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"85","article-title":"Proximate compositions and total phenolic contents of selected edible seaweed from Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia","volume":"31","author":"Fisal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Borneo Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-007-9264-6","article-title":"Antioxidant activities and phenolics content of eight species of seaweeds from north Borneo","volume":"20","author":"Matanjun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14062202","article-title":"Phenolics: From chemistry to biology","volume":"14","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devi, K.P., Suganthy, N., Kesika, P., and Pandian, S.K. (2008). Bioprotective properties of seaweeds: In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against food borne bacteria in relation to polyphenolic content. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-8-38"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-013-1189-2","article-title":"Antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of three red seaweeds (Division: Rhodophyta) harvested from the Gulf of Mannar of Peninsular India","volume":"52","author":"Chakraborthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.08.078","article-title":"In vitro antioxidative activities of extract and semi-purified fractions of the marine red alga, Rhodomela confervoides (Rhodomelaceae)","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.17795\/jjnpp-7736","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of two edible green seaweeds from northern coasts of the Persian Gulf","volume":"8","author":"Farasat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Nat. Pharm. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"163","article-title":"Antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoid contents of some edible green seaweeds from northern coasts of the Persian Gulf","volume":"13","author":"Farasat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2017.1284711","article-title":"Diversity of culturable bacteria in deep-sea water from the South Atlantic Ocean","volume":"8","author":"Kai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.795953","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the antifouling defence of the temperate brown alga Fucus vesiculosus","volume":"29","author":"Saha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3354\/meps302027","article-title":"Chemical inhibition of bacteria colonization by the red alga Bonnemaisonia hamifera","volume":"302","author":"Nylund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.3390\/md11072510","article-title":"Marine pharmacology in 2009\u20132011: Marine compounds with antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities; affecting the immune and nervous systems, and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action","volume":"11","author":"Mayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.08.032","article-title":"Trust, reciprocity and collective action to fight antibiotic resistance. An experimental approach","volume":"142","author":"Sundell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"141","article-title":"Studies on in vitro antioxidant activity of marine edible seaweed from east coastal region, Peninsular Malaysia using different extraction method","volume":"9","author":"Foon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2014.03.008","article-title":"Study on anti-bacterial properties of some Malaysian brown seaweeds","volume":"42","author":"Jaswir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2015-4409-08","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of selected seaweed and seagrass from Port Dickson coastal water against different aquaculture pathogens","volume":"44","author":"Natrah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"128","article-title":"Antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic activities of selected marine organisms collected from the coastal areas of Malaysia","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.22452\/mjs.vol29no2.7","article-title":"Potential products from tropical algae and seaweeds, especially with reference to Malaysia","volume":"29","author":"Phang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malays. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-013-0147-8","article-title":"Nutritional and bioactive properties of three edible species of green algae, genus Caulerpa (Caulerpaceae)","volume":"26","author":"Nagappan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-016-0912-6","article-title":"Caulerpa consumption, nutritional value and farming in the Indo-Pacific region","volume":"29","author":"Payri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Sarini, A.W., Nor\u2019 Aishah, H., and Zaini, N. (2014, January 12\u201314). Determination of antioxidant activity for seven types of macroalgae. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Penang, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chia, Y.Y., Kanthimathi, M.S., Khoo, K.S., Rajarajeswaran, J., Cheng, H.M., and Yap, W.S. (2015). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of three species of tropical seaweeds. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0867-1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB08.120","article-title":"Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial property of seaweeds of southeast coast of India","volume":"7","author":"Khandhasamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"89","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of some selected seaweeds from the Gulf of Mannar Coast, South India","volume":"5","author":"Radhika","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s11515-014-1312-4","article-title":"Bioactive compounds from Caulerpa racemosa as a potent larvicidal and antibacterial agent","volume":"9","author":"Nagaraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR11.390","article-title":"Screening for antibacterial activities insome marine algae from the red sea (Hurghada, Egypt)","volume":"5","author":"Salem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1833","article-title":"Comparative production and nutritional value of \u201csea grapes\u201d\u2013The tropical green seaweeds Caulerpa lentillifera and C. racemosa","volume":"26","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"794","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: Current status and future prospects","volume":"52","author":"Devasagayam","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Phys. India"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2016.04.005","article-title":"Natural antioxidants as food and feed additives to promote health benefits and quality of meat products: A review","volume":"120","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5874","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3003653","article-title":"Antioxidant capacities of phlorotannins extracted from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2011.09.015","article-title":"Phlorotannins as bioactive agents from brown algae","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2007.06.013","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of three edible seaweeds from two areas in South East Asia","volume":"41","author":"Chew","year":"2008","journal-title":"LWT\u2013Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-012-9813-5","article-title":"Preparation and antioxidant property of extract and semipurified fractions of Caulerpa racemosa","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Salmi, N.A., Shamsul, M., Ibrahim, C.O., and Hasmah, A. (2012, January 14\u201315). Radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of Gracilaria manilaensis. Proceedings of the Technology, Science, Social Sciences and Humanities International Conference 2012, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.072","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of extract and fractions from Enteromorpha prolifera, a type of green seaweed","volume":"127","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"182","article-title":"Assessment of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and in vitro toxicity of Malaysian red seaweed, Acanthophora spicifera","volume":"3","author":"Zakaria","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"176","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the red alga Halopitys incurvus harvested from El Jadida Coast (Morocco)","volume":"10","author":"Chibi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Phytochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2016.1150305","article-title":"Antioxidant, antimutagenic and antiproliferative activities in selected seaweed species from Sinaloa, Mexico","volume":"54","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2019, June 11). Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/antimicrobial-resistance\/global-action-plan\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00069","article-title":"Outer membrane proteins form specific patterns in antibiotic-resistant Edwardsiella tarda","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2013.12.024","article-title":"Decreased expression of LamB and Odp1 complex is crucial for antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"98","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2013.06.001","article-title":"Antibacterial substances from marine algae isolated from Jedah coast of Red sea, Saudi Arabia","volume":"21","author":"Aref","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"275","article-title":"Anticancer activity of pristimerin in ovarian carcinoma cells is mediated through the inhibition of prosurvival Akt\/NF-\u03baB\/mTOR signaling","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Ther. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-016-0041-1","article-title":"Seasonal variation of pheophorbide a and flavonoid in different organs of two Carpinus species and its correlation with immunosuppressive activity","volume":"52","author":"Sheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1021\/np990639k","article-title":"5\u2032-Methoxyhydnocarpin-D and Pheophorbide A: Berberis species components that potentiate berberine growth inhibition of resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"63","author":"Stermitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19920750303","article-title":"Isolation of toxic and potentially toxic sesqui-and monoterpenes from the tropical green seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia which has invaded the region of Cap Martin and Monaco","volume":"75","author":"Guerriero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Helvetica"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1021\/np0202529","article-title":"Acetylene sesquiterpenoid esters from the green alga Caulerpa racemosa","volume":"66","author":"Smyrniotopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2008.05.002","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids as antioxidants","volume":"57","author":"Richard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1021\/jf049575w","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity and lipophilic content of seaweeds collected from the Qingdao coastline","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069595","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3069595","article-title":"Antimicrobial fatty acids from green alga Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta)","volume":"2018","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.3390\/md11114544","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"11","author":"Desbois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, B.K., Jackman, J.A., Valle-Gonz\u00e1lez, E.R., and Cho, N.J. (2018). Antibacterial free fatty acids and monoglycerides: Biological activities, experimental testing, and therapeutic applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041114"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2018.01.001","article-title":"Arachidonic acid and other unsaturated fatty acids and some of their metabolites function as endogenous antimicrobial molecules: A review","volume":"11","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"93","article-title":"Microbiological study in coastal water of Port Dickson, Malaysia","volume":"40","author":"Hamzah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9069","DOI":"10.1021\/ja102100h","article-title":"Chrysophaentins A-H, antibacterial bisdiarylbutene macrocycles that inhibit the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ","volume":"132","author":"Plaza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1021\/jo900008w","article-title":"Antimalarial bromophycolides J-Q from the Fijian red alga Callophycus serratus","volume":"74","author":"Lane","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.15.1763","article-title":"Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States","volume":"298","author":"Klevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2010.0193","article-title":"Increasing role of Staphylococcus aureus and community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States: A 10-year trend of replacement and expansion","volume":"17","author":"Mera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4038","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00533-10","article-title":"Development of daptomycin nonsusceptibility with heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate resistance and oxacillin susceptibility in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during high-dose daptomycin treatment","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"269","article-title":"Vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"90","author":"McGuinness","year":"2017","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0397-y","article-title":"Characteristics of glycopeptide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from inpatients of three teaching hospitals in Warsaw, Poland","volume":"7","author":"MLynarczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819896","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/819896","article-title":"A multicenter study of beta-lactamase resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae reveals high level chromosome mediated extended spectrum \u03b2 lactamase resistance in Ogun State, Nigeria","volume":"2014","author":"Adeyankinnu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.09.020","article-title":"Emergence and mechanism of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli in Henan, China, 2014","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"205","article-title":"An assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of six species of edible Irish seaweeds","volume":"17","author":"Cox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2016.05.018","article-title":"Antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and chemical composition of seaweeds collected from Saudi Arabia (Red Sea and Arabian Gulf)","volume":"24","author":"Moubayed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.01915.x","article-title":"Comparative antioxidant activity of edible Japanese brown seaweeds","volume":"76","author":"Airanthi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1375923","article-title":"In vitro bioactive analysis and antioxidant activity of two species of seaweeds from the Gulf of Mannar","volume":"32","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12011","article-title":"The seaweed holobiont: Understanding seaweed-bacteria interactions","volume":"37","author":"Egan","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"594308","article-title":"Effects of seawater salinity and temperature on growth and pigment contents in Hypnea cervicornis J. Agardh (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)","volume":"2018","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12297","article-title":"Seaweed-microbial interactions: Key functions of seaweed-associated bacteria","volume":"88","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01072","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of bacteria associated with the brown alga Padina pavonica","volume":"7","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Thaib, E.A., Indriati, N., and Liananda, M. (2018, January 9\u201310). Antibacterial activity of the symbiotic bacteria of green algae Caulerpa racemosa from Pulau Lima Indonesia. Proceedings of the 3rd EMBRIO International Workshop on Marine Biodiversity: Understanding, Utilization, Conversation, Bogor, Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent","volume":"Volume 299","author":"Packer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-014-9814-x","article-title":"Evaluation of aluminium complexation reaction for flavonoid content assay","volume":"7","author":"Pyrzynska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1438-x","article-title":"Neuritogenic and in vitro antioxidant activities of Malaysian Gracilaria manilaensis Yamamoto & Trono","volume":"30","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"270","article-title":"Cockroaches and locusts: Physicians\u2019 answer to infectious diseases","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn239","article-title":"Lysates of Locusta migratoria brain exhibit potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity","volume":"62","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/8\/3\/152\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:20:51Z","timestamp":1760188851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/8\/3\/152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics8030152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics8030152","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]}}}