{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:15:12Z","timestamp":1790514912137,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDCPN- 2015-01-63, SEP-CONACYT-CB-2015-258316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDCPN- 2015-01-63, SEP-CONACYT-CB-2015-258316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are very important diabetes-related lesions that can lead to serious physical consequences like amputations of limbs and equally severe social, psychological, and economic outcomes. It is reported that up to 25% of patients with diabetes develop a DFU in their lifetime, and more than half of them become infected. Therefore, it is essential to manage infection and ulcer recovery to prevent negatives outcomes. The available information plays a significant role in keeping both physicians and patients aware of the emerging therapies against DFUs. The purpose of this review is to compile the currently available approaches in the managing and treatment of DFUs, including molecular and regenerative medicine, antimicrobial and energy-based therapies, and the use of plant extracts, antimicrobial peptides, growth factors, ozone, devices, and nano-medicine, to offer an overview of the assessment of this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T04:41:27Z","timestamp":1571978487000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Current Advances in Antimicrobial Therapies and Emerging Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9183-2034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus Manuel","family":"Ramirez-Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, C.P. 98160 Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio A","family":"Cardenas-Cadena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, C.P. 98160 Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro A","family":"Marquez-Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, C.P. 98160 Zacatecas, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad Academica de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, 98000 Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idalia","family":"Garza-Veloz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, C.P. 98160 Zacatecas, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad Academica de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, 98000 Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelio","family":"Perez-Favila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, C.P. 98160 Zacatecas, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad Academica de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, 98000 Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7918-0072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A","family":"Cid-Baez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, C.P. 98160 Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4540-1011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Flores-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Sintesis Asimetrica y Bioenergetica (LSAyB), PA de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, UACQ, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, C.P. 98160 Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1478-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita L","family":"Martinez-Fierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, C.P. 98160 Zacatecas, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad Academica de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, 98000 Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpsurg.2016.07.003","article-title":"The diabetic foot","volume":"53","author":"Neville","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1231932","article-title":"Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: A systematic review and meta-analysis (dagger)","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439","article-title":"Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence","volume":"376","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1836","article-title":"Current Challenges and Opportunities in the Prevention and Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"41","author":"Jeffcoate","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.02.017","article-title":"The importance of establishing a framework for regional and international collaboration in the management of the diabetic foot","volume":"70","author":"Hinojosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.24.2.91","article-title":"Evaluation and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"24","author":"Kruse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21.e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.07.048","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: Part II. Management","volume":"70","author":"Alavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13569","article-title":"Update on management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"1411","author":"Everett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wienemann, T., Chantelau, E.A., and Koller, A. (2014). Effect of painless diabetic neuropathy on pressure pain hypersensitivity (hyperalgesia) after acute foot trauma. Diabet. Foot Ankle, 5.","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v5.24926"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2017.04.008","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcer carries high amputation and mortality rates, particularly in the presence of advanced age, peripheral artery disease and anemia","volume":"11","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367210","DOI":"10.1080\/2000625X.2017.1367210","article-title":"Clinical and surgical characteristics of infected diabetic foot ulcers in a tertiary hospital of Mexico","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet. Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.02.001","article-title":"Factors determining the risk of diabetes foot amputations\u2014A retrospective analysis of a tertiary diabetes foot care service","volume":"114","author":"Beaney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.8.1354","article-title":"Consensus Development Conference on Diabetic Foot Wound Care: 7\u20138 April 1999, Boston, Massachusetts. American Diabetes Association","volume":"22","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012161","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/125\/1\/012161","article-title":"Pathophysiology diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"125","author":"Syafril","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.06.055","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: Part, I. Pathophysiology and prevention","volume":"70","author":"Alavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"28","article-title":"Pathogenesis and management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"28","author":"Aumiller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. PAs"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2015.04.007","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcer\u2014A review on pathophysiology, classification and microbial etiology","volume":"9","author":"Noor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i3.391","article-title":"Nociception at the diabetic foot, an uncharted territory","volume":"6","author":"Chantelau","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"123","article-title":"Association between peripheral arterial disease and diabetic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2","volume":"19","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.464","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcer classification system for research purposes: A progress report on criteria for including patients in research studies","volume":"20","author":"Schaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.08.009","article-title":"Temporal Stability in Chronic Wound Microbiota Is Associated With Poor Healing","volume":"137","author":"Loesche","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002370","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002370","article-title":"Concordance in diabetic foot ulcer infection","volume":"3","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0146-2015","article-title":"Aerobic bacterial profile and antibiotic resistance in patients with diabetic foot infections","volume":"48","author":"Perim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2017.09.002","article-title":"The diabetic foot microbiota: A review","volume":"5\u20136","author":"Jneid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Microbiome J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2007.00363.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of neutral pH superoxidized solution in severe diabetic foot infections","volume":"4","author":"Armstrong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000222737.09322.77","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections","volume":"117","author":"Lipsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_546_16","article-title":"Bacteriological Profile of Diabetic Foot Ulcer with Special Reference to Drug-resistant Strains in a Tertiary Care Center in North-East India","volume":"21","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2015.2422","article-title":"Spectrum of bacteria associated with diabetic foot ulcer and biofilm formation: A prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Banu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Australas. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2017.09.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetic foot infections in a reference tertiary hospital in India","volume":"49","author":"Saseedharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.03.009","article-title":"The role of anaerobes in diabetic foot infections","volume":"34","author":"Charles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1436_14","article-title":"Isolation of bacteria from diabetic foot ulcers with special reference to anaerobe isolation by simple two-step combustion technique in candle jar","volume":"145","author":"Haldar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.10.011","article-title":"Association of bacteria in diabetic and non-diabetic foot infection\u2014An investigation in patients from Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Karmaker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.076034-0","article-title":"Characteristics of microbial drug resistance and its correlates in chronic diabetic foot ulcer infections","volume":"63","author":"Murali","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734617705254","article-title":"Bacterial Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Diabetic Foot Ulcers in the Northeast of Tamaulipas, Mexico","volume":"16","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, K., Collier, A., Townsend, E.M., O\u2019Donnell, L.E., Bal, A.M., Butcher, J., Mackay, W.G., Ramage, G., and Williams, C. (2016). One step closer to understanding the role of bacteria in diabetic foot ulcers: Characterising the microbiome of ulcers. BMC Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0665-z"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1021780","article-title":"In diabetic foot infections antibiotics are to treat infection, not to heal wounds","volume":"16","author":"Abbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-7560(200009\/10)16:1+<::AID-DMRR139>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"What is the most effective way to reduce incidence of amputation in the diabetic foot?","volume":"16","author":"Apelqvist","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"675","article-title":"Chapter 38\u2014Streptococcus pyogenes","volume":"Volume 2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2015.24.Sup5b.20","article-title":"Managing infection: A holistic approach","volume":"24","author":"Tayeb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1086\/383269","article-title":"It\u2019s not what you put on, but what you take off: Techniques for debriding and off-loading the diabetic foot wound","volume":"39","author":"Armstrong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.21614\/chirurgia.113.5.651","article-title":"Soft Tissue Infections in Diabetic Patients","volume":"113","author":"Mustatea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chirurgia (Bucur)"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67694-5","article-title":"Ertapenem versus piperacillin\/tazobactam for diabetic foot infections (SIDESTEP): Prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blinded, multicentre trial","volume":"366","author":"Lipsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2012.04.010","article-title":"Diabetic foot infections: The role of microbiology and antibiotic treatment","volume":"25","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2015.1128888","article-title":"Current and emerging therapies in the management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"32","author":"Karri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A., Getti, G., and Boateng, J. (2017). Ciprofloxacin-loaded calcium alginate wafers prepared by freeze-drying technique for potential healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcers. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-017-0445-9"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2013.22.3.130","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of WF10 adjunct to standard treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"22","author":"Yingsakmongkol","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"12","article-title":"Pirfenidone Accelerates Wound Healing in Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial","volume":"2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.06.029","article-title":"Deferoxamine modulates cytokines and growth factors to accelerate cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats","volume":"764","author":"Ram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.04.012","article-title":"Deferoxamine enhances neovascularization and accelerates wound healing in diabetic rats via the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1","volume":"101","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.05.002","article-title":"Treatment with topical nitroglycerine may promote the healing process of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"83","author":"Mikaili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2012.09.014","article-title":"The FDA and designing clinical trials for chronic cutaneous ulcers","volume":"23","author":"Maderal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.2013.802305","article-title":"Emerging Drugs for the Treatment of Diabetic Ulcers","volume":"18","author":"Tecilazich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.5.822","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a topical gel formulation of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (becaplermin) in patients with chronic neuropathic diabetic ulcers. A phase III randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study","volume":"21","author":"Wieman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0227","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the development and healing of diabetic foot ulceration","volume":"61","author":"Dinh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2009.0750","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for diabetic ulcer","volume":"19","author":"Uchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2009.00641.x","article-title":"Intra-lesional injections of recombinant human epidermal growth factor promote granulation and healing in advanced diabetic foot ulcers: Multicenter, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"6","author":"Diaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.2.454","article-title":"Are granulocyte colony-stimulating factors beneficial in treating diabetic foot infections?: A meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Cruciani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12275","article-title":"Topical administration of a connexin43-based peptide augments healing of chronic neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers: A multicenter, randomized trial","volume":"23","author":"Grek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, M.H.M., Caricilli, A.M., de Abreu, L.L., Ara\u00fajo, E.P., Pelegrinelli, F.F., Thirone, A.C.P., Tsukumo, D.M., Pessoa, A.F.M., dos Santos, M.F., and de Moraes, M.A. (2012). Topical Insulin Accelerates Wound Healing in Diabetes by Enhancing the AKT and ERK Pathways: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036974"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2008.02.003","article-title":"Roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide in facilitation of wound healing and angiogenesis","volume":"62","author":"Toda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.04.008","article-title":"Role of procalcitonin in infected diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"128","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734613486152","article-title":"The performance of serum inflammatory markers for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with osteomyelitis","volume":"12","author":"Michail","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.10.009","article-title":"Neurotensin-loaded collagen dressings reduce inflammation and improve wound healing in diabetic mice","volume":"1842","author":"Moura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-016-1686-z","article-title":"Effects of insulin on the skin: Possible healing benefits for diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"308","author":"Emanuelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2010.515207","article-title":"Role of neuropeptides in skin inflammation and its involvement in diabetic wound healing","volume":"10","author":"Carvalho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, J., Liang, X., Liu, C., Cheng, Y., Zhou, L., Wang, K., and Zhao, L. (2017). Influence of Proline Substitution on the Bioactivity of Mammalian-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide NK-2. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9335-1"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.976613","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: Therapeutic potentials","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12929","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides and wound healing: Biological and therapeutic considerations","volume":"25","author":"Mangoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"55","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides. Asociaci\u00f3n Colombiana de Infectolog\u00eda","volume":"14","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Infectio"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.09.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: Premises and promises","volume":"24","author":"Reddy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2003.01278.x","article-title":"Cationic antimicrobial peptides: Update of clinical development","volume":"255","author":"Andres","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.6.1317","article-title":"Peptide antibiotics","volume":"43","author":"Hancock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701043","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo wound healing-promoting activities of human cathelicidin LL-37","volume":"128","author":"Carretero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.06.005","article-title":"Wound healing activity of the human antimicrobial peptide LL37","volume":"32","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinstraesser, L., Hirsch, T., Schulte, M., Kueckelhaus, M., Jacobsen, F., Mersch, E.A., Stricker, I., Afacan, N., Jenssen, H., and Hancock, R.E. (2012). Innate defense regulator peptide 1018 in wound healing and wound infection. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039373"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12211","article-title":"Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Gronberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5449","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.15.5449","article-title":"Magainins, a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin: Isolation, characterization of two active forms, and partial cDNA sequence of a precursor","volume":"84","author":"Zasloff","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199856060-00011","article-title":"Pexiganan acetate","volume":"56","author":"Lamb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-018-0021-7","article-title":"Physician-initiated clinical study of limb ulcers treated with a functional peptide, SR-0379: From discovery to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Nakagami","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Aging Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1683-1","article-title":"Structure and function of mammalian aldehyde oxidases","volume":"90","author":"Terao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-012-0004-9","article-title":"Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"3","author":"Alexiadou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12294","article-title":"Autologous platelet-rich gel for treatment of diabetic chronic refractory cutaneous ulcers: A prospective, randomized clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734615575829","article-title":"Effectiveness of Platelet-Rich Plasma to Enhance Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Patients With Concomitant Peripheral Arterial Disease and Critical Limb Ischemia","volume":"15","author":"Kontopodis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2016.06.027","article-title":"Is there a treatment protocol in which platelet-rich plasma is effective?","volume":"13","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Zapata, M.J., Marti-Carvajal, A.J., Sola, I., Exposito, J.A., Bolibar, I., Rodriguez, L., Garcia, J., and Zaror, C. (2016). Autologous platelet-rich plasma for treating chronic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD006899.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006899.pub3"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.12.784","article-title":"Management of chronic diabetic foot ulcers using platelet-rich plasma","volume":"26","author":"Babaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.08.271","article-title":"Platelet Rich Plasma for Treatment of Nonhealing Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Case Report","volume":"38","author":"Mehrannia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2016.10.020","article-title":"Evaluation of wound healing in diabetic foot ulcer using platelet-rich plasma gel: A single-arm clinical trial","volume":"56","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2016.04.023","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Clean Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"38","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1159\/000072701","article-title":"CD34+ blood cells accelerate vascularization and healing of diabetic mouse skin wounds","volume":"40","author":"Awad","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000039526.42991.93","article-title":"Human endothelial progenitor cells from type II diabetics exhibit impaired proliferation, adhesion, and incorporation into vascular structures","volume":"106","author":"Tepper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2011-0024","article-title":"Concise review: Clinical translation of wound healing therapies based on mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"1","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462179","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/462179","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for lower extremity diabetic ulcers: Where do we stand?","volume":"2013","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2217\/rme-2015-0045","article-title":"Delivery of mesenchymal stem cells in biomimetic engineered scaffolds promotes healing of diabetic ulcers","volume":"11","author":"Assi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.6.1701","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of Dermagraft in improving the healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: Results of a prospective randomized trial","volume":"26","author":"Marston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.2.290","article-title":"Graftskin, a human skin equivalent, is effective in the management of noninfected neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers: A prospective randomized multicenter clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Veves","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Ingram, R.T., Patel, J.B., and Pryor, T.J. (2011). Flowable Wound Matrix and Its Preparation and Use. (No. 7,993,679), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12551","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of a human acellular dermal matrix demonstrated superior healing rates for chronic diabetic foot ulcers over conventional care and an active acellular dermal matrix comparator","volume":"25","author":"Cazzell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12097","article-title":"A prospective randomised comparative parallel study of amniotic membrane wound graft in the management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"10","author":"Zelen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169130","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/169130","article-title":"Honey: A Potential Therapeutic Agent for Managing Diabetic Wounds","volume":"2014","author":"Alam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jull, A.B., Cullum, N., Dumville, J.C., Westby, M.J., Deshpande, S., and Walker, N. (2015). Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD005083.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005083.pub4"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67700-8","article-title":"Wound healing and its impairment in the diabetic foot","volume":"366","author":"Falanga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.2862","article-title":"Protective effect of Radix Astragali injection on immune organs of rats with obstructive jaundice and its mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161112666141014152811","article-title":"Benefits of Chinese Medicine Among Patients with Diabetic Foot: An Expert Review from Clinical Studies","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7354250","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Medicinal Plants on Cutaneous Wound Healing in Humans: A Systematic Review","volume":"2018","author":"Lordani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.04.038","article-title":"Arnebin-1 promotes the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and accelerates the wound healing process in diabetic rats","volume":"154","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2292","article-title":"Arnebin-1 promotes angiogenesis by inducing eNOS, VEGF and HIF-1alpha expression through the PI3K-dependent pathway","volume":"36","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2013.1086.1094","article-title":"Oral dose of citrus peel extracts promotes wound repair in diabetic rats","volume":"16","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacme.2016.08.004","article-title":"Sida cordifolia Linn. accelerates wound healing process in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"6","author":"Pawar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acute Med."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"007299","article-title":"The use of an extract of Hypericum perforatum and Azadirachta indica in advanced diabetic foot: An unexpected outcome","volume":"2013","author":"Iabichella","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"205706","article-title":"The use of an extract of Hypericum perforatum and Azadirachta indica in a neuropathic patient with advanced diabetic foot","volume":"2014","author":"Iabichella","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2014.23.8.400","article-title":"Momordica charantia ointment accelerates diabetic wound healing and enhances transforming growth factor-\u03b2 expression","volume":"23","author":"Hussan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"520","article-title":"Effects of topical Kiwifruit on healing of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"19","author":"Mohajeri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.135248","article-title":"An in vivo and in vitro investigation of the effect of Aloe vera gel ethanolic extract using animal model with diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"6","author":"Daburkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najafian, Y., Mazloum, Z., Najaf Najafi, M., Hamedi, S., Mahjour, M., and Feyzabadi, Z. (2018). Efficacy of Aloe vera\/Plantago major gel in Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol.","DOI":"10.2174\/1570163815666180115093007"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"113","article-title":"The Effect of Aleo vera and Honey Gel in Healing Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"25","author":"Bahar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Maz. Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2015.09.004","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of two polyherbal creams with framycetin sulfate on diabetic wound model in rats","volume":"7","author":"Nehete","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40200-015-0167-9","article-title":"The effect of topical olive oil on the healing of foot ulcer in patients with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind randomized clinical trial study in Iran","volume":"14","author":"Nasiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sari, Y., Purnawan, I., Kurniawan, D.W., and Sutrisna, E. (2018). A Comparative Study of the Effects of Nigella sativa Oil Gel and Aloe Vera Gel on Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. J. Evid.-Based Integr. Med., 23.","DOI":"10.1177\/2515690X18772804"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8520.158998","article-title":"Effect of Neem oil and Haridra on non-healing wounds","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ayu"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0555-y","article-title":"In vitro studies on medicinal plants used against bacterial diabetic foot ulcer (BDFU) and urinary tract infected (UTI) causing pathogens","volume":"40","author":"Chelladurai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Zhang, P., Tian, J., Li, L., Li, J., Tian, J.H., and Yang, K. (2015). Ozone therapy for treating foot ulcers in people with diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008474.pub2"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, E., Holland, O.J., and Vanderlelie, J.J. (2018). Ozone therapy for the treatment of chronic wounds: A systematic review. Int. Wound J.","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12907"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/01919512.2012.718700","article-title":"Ozone Therapy in Diabetic Foot and Chronic, Nonhealing Wounds","volume":"34","author":"Fathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ozone Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"81","article-title":"Pitfalls of Intralesional Ozone Injection in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Case Study","volume":"4","author":"Uzun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Clin. Wound Spec."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"7","article-title":"Ozone therapy effectiveness in patients with ulcerous lesions due to diabetes mellitus","volume":"69","author":"Rosul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiad Lek."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273475","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/273475","article-title":"Increased Growth Factors Play a Role in Wound Healing Promoted by Noninvasive Oxygen-Ozone Therapy in Diabetic Patients with Foot Ulcers","volume":"2014","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1590\/2446-4740.0744","article-title":"A system for treatment of diabetic foot ulcers using led irradiation and natural latex","volume":"32","author":"Nunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348178","DOI":"10.1080\/2000625X.2017.1348178","article-title":"An innovative sealed shoe to off-load and heal diabetic forefoot ulcers\u2014A feasibility study","volume":"8","author":"Jarl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet. Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.06.024","article-title":"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.09.024","article-title":"Efficacy of shock wave therapy on chronic diabetic foot ulcer: A single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"106","author":"Omar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2016.25.11.641","article-title":"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: A prospective randomised trial","volume":"25","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2014.03.005","article-title":"Hyperbaric Oxygen for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Review","volume":"47","author":"Stoekenbroek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s13126-016-0321-y","article-title":"Evaluation of the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: A prospective comparative study","volume":"88","author":"Munjewar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hell. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Health Quality Ontario (2017). Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Health Technology Assessment. Ont. Health Technol. Assess. Ser., 17, 1\u2013142."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.6b00371","article-title":"Nanotechnology-Driven Therapeutic Interventions in Wound Healing: Potential Uses and Applications","volume":"3","author":"Hamdan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almonaci Hern\u00e1ndez, C.A., Juarez-Moreno, K., Casta\u00f1eda-Juarez, M.E., Almanza-Reyes, H., Pestryakov, A., and Bogdanchikova, N. (2017). Silver Nanoparticles for the Rapid Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Int. J. Med. Nano Res., 4.","DOI":"10.23937\/2378-3664\/1410019"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mabrouk, M., Kumar, P., Choonara, Y.E., du Toit, L.C., and Pillay, V. (2018). Artificial, Triple-Layered, Nanomembranous Wound Patch for Potential Diabetic Foot Ulcer Intervention. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11112128"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2017.1304407","article-title":"Diabetic ulcer regeneration: Stem cells, biomaterials, growth factors","volume":"46","author":"Zarei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00207-0","article-title":"Accelerated tissue regeneration through incorporation of basic fibroblast growth factor-impregnated gelatin microspheres into artificial dermis","volume":"21","author":"Kawai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2009.05216.x","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanofibres: Diabetic wound dressing with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"36","author":"Merrell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemos, H., Mohamed, E., Huang, L., Chandler, P.R., Ou, R., Pacholczyk, R., and Mellor, A.L. (2019). Stimulator of Interferon Genes Agonists attenuate type I diabetes progression in NOD mice. Immunology.","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13122"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2019.1642417","article-title":"Design and optimization of crocetin loaded PLGA nanoparticles against diabetic nephropathy via suppression of inflammatory biomarkers: A formulation approach to preclinical study","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.01.010","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for management of chronic ulcers in the lower extremities","volume":"34","author":"Saggini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.156628","article-title":"Use of maggot therapy for treating a diabetic foot ulcer colonized by multidrug resistant bacteria in Brazil","volume":"141","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05180-14","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides expressed in medicinal maggots of the blow fly Lucilia sericata show combinatorial activity against bacteria","volume":"59","author":"Poppel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.11.009","article-title":"Maggot debridement therapy promotes diabetic foot wound healing by up-regulating endothelial cell activity","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Its Complicat."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12667","article-title":"Dying blood mononuclear cell secretome exerts antimicrobial activity","volume":"46","author":"Kasiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6880","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01064-16","article-title":"Development of a Novel Collagen Wound Model To Simulate the Activity and Distribution of Antimicrobials in Soft Tissue during Diabetic Foot Infection","volume":"60","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.3.180010","article-title":"Current concepts for the evaluation and management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"3","author":"Mavrogenis","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx099","article-title":"Effect of cadexomer iodine on the microbial load and diversity of chronic non-healing diabetic foot ulcers complicated by biofilm in vivo","volume":"72","author":"Malone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2016.00082","article-title":"Biomaterials and Nanotherapeutics for Enhancing Skin Wound Healing","volume":"4","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of becaplermin gel in the treatment of diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers","volume":"2","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"188","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for diabetic foot ulcers: A review of preclinical and clinical research","volume":"9","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2016.0720","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Clostridial Collagenase Ointment to Medicinal Honey for Treatment of Pressure Ulcers","volume":"6","author":"Gilligan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2337\/cd18-0007","article-title":"Timely News and Notes for Primary Care Providers From The American Diabetes Association","volume":"32","author":"Bingham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes USA"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413445112","article-title":"Transdermal deferoxamine prevents pressure-induced diabetic ulcers","volume":"112","author":"Duscher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33101","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v7.33101","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of hemoglobin spray (Granulox((R))) as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"7","author":"Hunt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet. Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200008000-00016","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous\/oral ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole versus piperacillin\/tazobactam in the treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections","volume":"232","author":"Cohn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Health Quality Ontario (2009). Management of chronic pressure ulcers: An evidence-based analysis. Ont. Health Technol. Assess. Ser., 9, 1\u2013203."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/8\/4\/193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:29:00Z","timestamp":1760189340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/8\/4\/193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics8040193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics8040193","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]}}}