{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:33:18Z","timestamp":1793413998896,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of 57 Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and 56 Porphyromonas gingivalis strains isolated from subgingival biofilm samples of periodontitis patients in Switzerland from 1980 to 2017. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the most commonly used antibiotics in periodontal therapy (amoxicillin, metronidazole, azithromycin, and doxycycline) or in severe body infections (amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, clindamycin, ertapenem, and moxifloxacin) were determined. Furthermore, all the strains were screened for beta-lactamase activity and the presence of selected resistance genes (cfxA, ermF, and tetQ). Overall, there was no significant increase in MIC values over the 37\u2011year period. Two of the most recent P. gingivalis isolates yielded the highest MIC values. The first isolate was ermF-positive with MIC values &gt;8 \u00b5g\/mL, 2 \u00b5g\/mL, and 0.25 \u00b5g\/mL for clindamycin, azithromycin, and moxifloxacin, respectively. The second isolate showed a high MIC value of 4 \u00b5g\/mL for moxifloxacin, which was associated with a confirmed single-point mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene. Although there was no significant increase in the antibiotic resistance among the oral bacterial isolates tested, the detection of resistant P. gingivalis isolates underlines the need to optimize the antibiotic therapeutic protocols in dentistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T10:41:44Z","timestamp":1575628904000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis Strains from Different Decades"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Kulik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health &amp; Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8615-8209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Thurnheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7893-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamprini","family":"Karygianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department. of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2836-5477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Sculean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4619-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sigrun","family":"Eick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.11.010","article-title":"Antibiotic discovery: History, methods and perspectives","volume":"53","author":"Durand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2011.05.028","article-title":"Hospital antibiotic consumption in Switzerland: Comparison of a multicultural country with Europe","volume":"79","author":"Pannatier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70780-7","article-title":"Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: An analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data","volume":"14","author":"Gandra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx278","article-title":"Quality of antibiotic prescribing of Swiss primary care physicians with high prescription rates: A nationwide survey","volume":"72","author":"Glinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau4679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau4679","article-title":"The challenge of antimicrobial resistance: What economics can contribute","volume":"364","author":"Roope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1017\/gheg.2017.4","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in human populations: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"2","author":"Allcock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Health Epidemiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2017.07.019","article-title":"An evaluation of dental antibiotic prescribing practices in the United States","volume":"148","author":"Durkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.090643","article-title":"Immunologic and microbiologic profiles of chronic and aggressive periodontitis subjects","volume":"81","author":"Rescala","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12119","article-title":"Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a potent immunoregulator of the periodontal host defense system and alveolar bone homeostasis","volume":"31","author":"Herbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Oral. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2014.999567","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors involved in subversion of leukocytes and microbial dysbiosis","volume":"6","author":"Zenobia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12221","article-title":"Non-surgical periodontal therapy with systemic antibiotics in patients with untreated chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Keestra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e368","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30296-2","article-title":"Quantifying drivers of antibiotic resistance in humans: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh354","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity of fluoroquinolones against Porphyromonas gingivalis strains","volume":"54","author":"Eick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn079","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of periodontopathogenic bacteria","volume":"61","author":"Kulik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"748","article-title":"Prescription of antibiotics in the dental practice: A survey of dentists in Switzerland","volume":"123","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schweiz. Monatsschr. Zahnmed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1308\/205016814813877324","article-title":"Awareness of antibiotic prescribing and resistance in primary dental care","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prim. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.07.004","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of oral pathogens","volume":"40","author":"Veloo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.12.009","article-title":"Low antibiotic resistance among anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria in periodontitis 5 years following metronidazole therapy","volume":"43","author":"Dahlen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.130142","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in human chronic periodontitis microbiota","volume":"85","author":"Rams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.130081","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of resistance genes of obligate anaerobes isolated from periodontal abscesses","volume":"85","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.07.023","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and capacity for biofilm formation of different bacteria isolated from endodontic infections associated with root-filled teeth","volume":"40","author":"Ameen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6979.2004.00490.x","article-title":"Efficacy of antibiotics to strains of periodontopathogenic bacteria within a single species biofilm\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"31","author":"Eick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.03.007","article-title":"Combinatorial effects of amoxicillin and metronidazole on selected periodontal bacteria and whole plaque samples","volume":"59","author":"Lenkeit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001063","article-title":"Polymicrobial oral biofilm models: Simplifying the complex","volume":"68","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.10.1327","article-title":"Efficacy of antibiotics against periodontopathogenic bacteria within epithelial cells: An in vitro study","volume":"75","author":"Eick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-017-0514-y","article-title":"The impact of antibiotic stewardship programs in combating quinolone resistance: A systematic review and recommendations for more efficient interventions","volume":"34","author":"Pitiriga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.08.017","article-title":"Comparison of real-time polymerase chain reaction and DNA-strip technology in microbiological evaluation of periodontitis treatment","volume":"69","author":"Eick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-012-0532-2","article-title":"PCR-based detection of resistance genes in anaerobic bacteria isolated from intra-abdominal infections","volume":"19","author":"Tran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"EUCAST (2019, October 25). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org\/clinical_breakpoints."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/8\/4\/253\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:46Z","timestamp":1760190046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/8\/4\/253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics8040253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics8040253","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]}}}