{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:22:59Z","timestamp":1792102979115,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-098267-R-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098267-R-C33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008431","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LE164G18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE164G18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring resistance to antibiotics in wild animals may assist in evaluating tendencies in the evolution of this major public health problem. The aims of this research work were to determine the patterns of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from the meat of wild or domestically reared pigeons from Spain, to detect the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, and to carry out a phylogenetic classification of the isolates. Of the 37 E. coli strains tested, 32.43% of them belonged to the B2 phylogenetic group, which is often implicated in extra-intestinal infections. None of the strains showed extended-spectrum beta-lactamase activity. All the isolates presented resistance or reduced susceptibility to two or more antibiotics, with high levels of resistance to \u03b2-lactams, aminoglycosides and tetracycline. Ten resistance genes were detected, the most frequent of which were ampC, conferring resistance to ampicillin and aadA, conferring resistance to streptomycin. In total, 97.30% of the strains carried virulence factors (between one and five). The strains from pigeons reared in captivity harboured higher average numbers of resistance and virulence genes than isolates from wild pigeons. Pigeon meat is an important reservoir of E. coli with genes for antibiotic resistance and virulence having the potential to cause disease in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T10:52:41Z","timestamp":1575975161000},"page":"259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Phylogenetic Diversity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Virulence Characteristics of Escherichia coli Isolates from Pigeon Meat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Rosa","family":"Capita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Molina-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6365-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Igrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-811 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-811 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-811 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Alonso-Calleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","article-title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Kaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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