{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:54:15Z","timestamp":1789577655442,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: To verify a possible association between overall H. pylori and CagA+ H. pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). Methods: Consecutive patients with AITDs admitted to one single centre of Endocrinology during one solar year were examined. The diagnoses were Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) in 76, Graves\u2019 Disease (GD) in 39, and aspecific thyroiditis (AT) in 44 patients. Controls were 136 individuals without AITDs. Median values of fT3, fT4, anti-thyreoglobulin (Tg) antibodies, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 in patients were compared with those in controls. H. pylori infection and CagA status were determined serologically. Structural homology of some thyroid proteins with H. pylori antigens was investigated. Results: H. pylori infection prevalence was significantly increased in GD (66.6%) and HT (64.4%) patients, vs. 29.4% of controls and 34.0% of AT. CagA seropositivity was significantly more frequent in GD (46.1%) and HT (46.9%) infected patients, vs. infected controls (20%). fT3 and fT4 median values were significantly decreased in infected CagA+ GD patients vs. uninfected GD patients. IL-1\u03b2 median values were increased in patients respect to controls, independently of the clinical form of AITD. Median values of IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and anti-Tg autoantibodies in CagA infected patients were significantly higher than those measured in infected CagA\u2212 and uninfected patients and in infected CagA+ controls. The examined thyroid proteins shared putative conserved domains with numerous bacterial antigens. Conclusions: Overall H. pylori and CagA+ H. pylori infection were associated with GD and HT, putatively through an increased inflammatory status and molecular mimicry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T03:28:53Z","timestamp":1578022133000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Helicobacter pylori Infection and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: The Role of Virulent Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natale","family":"Figura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Cairano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9467-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Iacoponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Santucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0016-0728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Bernardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gonnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ponzetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.09.008","article-title":"Recent insights in the epidemiology of autoimmune diseases: Improved prevalence estimates and understanding of clustering of diseases","volume":"33","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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