{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:39:48Z","timestamp":1788482388779,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H04285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H04285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Manure compost has been thought of as a potential important route of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) from livestock to humans. To clarify the abundance of ARB and ARGs, ARB and ARGs were quantitatively determined in tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (harboring the tetA gene)-spiked feces in simulated composts. In the simulated composts, the concentration of spiked E. coli decreased below the detection limit at day 7. The tetA gene remained in manure compost for 20 days, although the levels of the gene decreased. Next, to clarify the field conditions of manure compost in Japan, the quantities of tetracycline-resistant bacteria, tetracycline resistance genes, and residual tetracyclines were determined using field-manure-matured composts in livestock farms. Tetracycline-resistant bacteria were detected in 54.5% of tested matured compost (6\/11 farms). The copy number of the tetA gene and the concentrations of residual tetracyclines in field manure compost were significantly correlated. These results suggest that the use of antimicrobials in livestock constitutes a selective pressure, not only in livestock feces but also in manure compost. The appropriate use of antimicrobials in livestock and treatment of manure compost are important for avoiding the spread of ARB and ARGs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T11:45:30Z","timestamp":1581421530000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Manure Compost Is a Potential Source of Tetracycline-Resistant Escherichia coli and Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Japanese Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5668-4059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuki","family":"Yoshizawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1624-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaru","family":"Usui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Microbiology Section, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 543-0026, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6556-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Asai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduated School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Yanagido 501-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetoshi","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiryu","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanako","family":"Seki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideshige","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140083","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0083","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment","volume":"370","author":"Woolhouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. 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