{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:44:41Z","timestamp":1787244281347,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer patients are more susceptible to several bacterial infections, particularly urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). The objective of this work was detection and the phylogenetic characterization of hospital-acquired isolates of uropathogenic E. coli in cancer patients and the determination of its relation with antibiotic resistance. A total of 110 uropathogenic E. coli responsible for hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in cancer patients were included in this study. A triplex PCR was employed to segregate different isolates into four different phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D). Drug resistance was evaluated by the disc diffusion method. All of the isolates were multiple drug-resistant (MDR) and 38.18% of all UPEC isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers from which 52% were positive for the blaCTX-M gene, 40% for the blaTEM gene, and 17% for the blaSHVgene. Among 42 ESBL-producing uropathogenic E. coli isolates, the majority belonged to phylogenetic group B2 (43%), followed by group D (36%), group A (19%) and group B1 (2%). Our results have shown the emergence of MDR isolates among uropathogenic E. coli with the dominance of phylogenetic group B2. Groups A and B1 were relatively less common. The most effective drug in all phylogenetic groups was imipenem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9030108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T07:52:35Z","timestamp":1583135555000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Multiple Drug Resistance Patterns in Various Phylogenetic Groups of Hospital-Acquired Uropathogenic E. coli Isolated from Cancer Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Talaat","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Pharmacy Al-Azhar University, Assuit 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Taha","family":"Salim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Pharmacy Al-Azhar University, Assuit 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reham Ali","family":"Ibrahem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Pharmacy El-Minia University, Minia 61111, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Gabr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology and Malignant Hematology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit University, Assuit 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamada Mohamed","family":"Halby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Pharmacy Al-Azhar University, Assuit 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drago, L., Nicola, L., Mattina, R., and De Vecchi, E. (2010). In vitro selection of resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. at in vivo fluoroquinolone concentrations. BMC Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-119"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-7-14","article-title":"Species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative aerobic bacteria in hospitalized cancer patients","volume":"7","author":"Ashour","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.09.015","article-title":"The frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial pathogens recovered from cancer patients and hospital environments","volume":"5","author":"Nurain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00604-16","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of infections in cancer patients: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"54","author":"Babady","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit290","article-title":"Infection prevention in the cancer center","volume":"57","author":"Thom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00009","article-title":"Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: A combination of virulence with antibiotic resistance","volume":"3","author":"Pitout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4555-4558.2000","article-title":"Rapid and simple determination of theEscherichia coli phylogenetic group","volume":"66","author":"Clermont","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"219","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance pattern of different Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups isolated from human urinary tract infection and avian colibacillosis","volume":"18","author":"Kazemnia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"95","article-title":"Infections in urinary tract of patients with haematological malignancies undergoing antineoplastic therapy","volume":"15","author":"Tancheva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Yakovlev, S., Romashov, S., Sidorenko, S., and Eryomina, L. (2005, January 2\u20135). Urinary tract infection in patients of gynecological malignancies undergoing external pelvic radiotherapy. Proceedings of the 15th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1081\/CNV-120015984","article-title":"Prevention and management of long-term catheter related infections in cancer patients","volume":"20","author":"Hachem","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1159\/000329661","article-title":"Incidence of fluoroquinolone-resistant and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli at a comprehensive cancer center in the United States","volume":"57","author":"Bhusal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2017.605.251","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in cancer patients at government cancer hospital Aurangabad, India","volume":"6","author":"MuktaKhaparkuntikar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"201","article-title":"Detection of TEM & SHV genes in Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli & Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a tertiary care cancer hospital","volume":"4","author":"Chandra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Natl. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedighi, I., Arabestani, M.R., Rahimbakhsh, A., Karimitabar, Z., and Alikhani, M.Y. (2015). Dissemination of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases and quinolone resistance genes among clinical isolates of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in children. Jundishapur J. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.19184v2"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.21767\/2576-1412.100008","article-title":"The occurrence of multidrug resistant E. coli which produce ESBL and cause urinary tract infections","volume":"1","author":"Elsayed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2015.54022","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in urine tract infections at the La Paz Medical center, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea","volume":"5","author":"Shatalov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2018.702.115","article-title":"Microbiological profile of urinary tract infections with special reference to antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli isolates","volume":"7","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"042","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from hospital and community settings in Egypt","volume":"6","author":"Mohamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcmj.2013.01.008","article-title":"Study of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing bacteria from urinary tract infections in Bangladesh","volume":"25","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.05.004","article-title":"Geographical distribution of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli causing acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in the United States","volume":"42","author":"Sannes","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2014.08.002","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta-lactamases: Types, epidemiology and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Shaikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.02.021","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing organisms","volume":"73","author":"Falagas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801711010023","article-title":"ESBL production among E. coli and Klebsiella spp. causing urinary tract infection: A hospital based study","volume":"11","author":"Shakya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Microbiol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqasim, A., Abu Jaffal, A., and Alyousef, A.A. (2018). Prevalence of multidrug resistance and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase carriage of clinical uropathogenic escherichia coli isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Microbiol., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3026851"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6661","article-title":"Distribution of ESBLs among Escherichia coli isolates from outpatients with recurrent UTIs and their antimicrobial resistance","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.21608\/bfsa.2011.63247","article-title":"Detection of extendedspectrum beta-lactamase enzymes (ESBLS) produced by Escherichia coli urinary pathogens at assiut university hospital","volume":"34","author":"Thabit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Pharm. Sci. Assiut Univ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"449","article-title":"Multidrug-resistance and extended spectrum beta-lactamase production in uropathogenic E. Coli which were isolated from hospitalized patients in Kolkata, India","volume":"7","author":"MuKherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"Islam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr. J. Bacteriol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.01.007","article-title":"First description of CTX-M \u03b2-lactamase-producing clinical Escherichia coli isolates from Egypt","volume":"27","author":"Ashour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"18","article-title":"Extended spectrum beta lactamases among multi drug resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species causing urinary tract infections in Khartoum","volume":"2","author":"Mekki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Bacteriol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abayneh, M., Tesfaw, G., and Abdissa, A. (2018). Isolation of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-(ESBL-) Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Patients with Community-Onset Urinary Tract Infections in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4846159"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"103","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase production among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. at the Makati Medical Center: Tentative solutions","volume":"32","author":"Villanueva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phil. J. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"000122","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Extra Intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia Coli","volume":"4","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"DC01","article-title":"Phylogenetic distribution of virulence genes among ESBL-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from long-term hospitalized patients","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2294","article-title":"Detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases in clinically significant bacterial isolates in a research institute hospital in Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Fam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S160720","article-title":"The prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and ESBL-production in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urinary tract infections","volume":"11","author":"Azargun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17795\/ijep21725","article-title":"Comparison of virulence factors distribution in uropathogenic E. coli isolates from phylogenetic groups B2 and D","volume":"2","author":"Abdi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Enteric. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12517","article-title":"Phylogenetic group distributions, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance properties of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in South Korea","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1086\/315217","article-title":"Extended virulence genotypes of Escherichia coli strains from patients with urosepsis in relation to phylogeny and host compromise","volume":"181","author":"Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.2.546-553.1999","article-title":"The link between phylogeny and virulence inEscherichia coli extraintestinal infection","volume":"67","author":"Picard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.6.18189","article-title":"Characteristics of Escherichia coli causing persistence or relapse of urinary tract infections: Phylogenetic groups, virulence factors and biofilm formation","volume":"2","author":"Stegger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2006.01398.x","article-title":"Subtyping of uropathogenic Escherichia coli according to the pathogenicity island encoding uropathogenic-specific protein: Comparison with phylogenetic groups","volume":"13","author":"Kanamaru","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Alghoribi, M.F. (2015). Molecular Epidemiology, Virulence Potential and AntibioticSusceptibility of the Major Lineages of Uropathogenic Escherichiacoli, The University of Manchester."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"DC05","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance, RAPD-PCR typing of multiple drug resistant strains of Escherichia coli from urinary tract infection (UTI)","volume":"10","author":"Marialouis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000400005","article-title":"Multiple drug resistance patterns in various phylogenetic groups of uropathogenic E. coli isolated from Faisalabad region of Pakistan","volume":"42","author":"Bashir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2015\/14293","article-title":"Virulence profile, fluoroquinolone and quinolone resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates recovered from Thabet Hospital-Tulkarm, Palestine","volume":"5","author":"Adwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. Microbiol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"339","article-title":"Epidemiologic Investigation of Extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) based on PCR phylogenetic group and fimH single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in China","volume":"2","author":"Abdallah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Epidemiol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iranpour, D., Hassanpour, M., Ansari, H., Tajbakhsh, S., Khamisipour, G., and Najafi, A. (2015). Phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli strains from patients with urinary tract infection in Iran based on the new Clermont phylotyping method. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/846219"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2014.72","article-title":"Drug resistance and virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Shanghai, China","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristea, V.C., Gheorghe, I., Czobor Barbu, I., Popa, L.I., Ispas, B., Grigore, G.A., Bucatariu, I., Popa, G.L., Angelescu, M.-C., and Velican, A. (2019). Snapshot of Phylogenetic Groups, Virulence, and Resistance Markers in Escherichia coli Uropathogenic Strains Isolated from Outpatients with Urinary Tract Infections in Bucharest, Romania. BioMed Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5712371"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(96)90018-8","article-title":"Assessment of urine collection technique for microbial culture","volume":"24","author":"Prandoni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"13","article-title":"Urinary tract infections complicating pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Millar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.231","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections across age groups","volume":"219","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510160089035","article-title":"A study of various tests to detect asymptomatic urinary tract infections in an obstetric population","volume":"270","author":"Bachman","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birnie, K., Hay, A.D., Wootton, M., Howe, R., MacGowan, A., Whiting, P., Lawton, M., Delaney, B., Downing, H., and Dudley, J. (2017). Comparison of microbiological diagnosis of urinary tract infection in young children by routine health service laboratories and a research laboratory: Diagnostic cohort study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171113"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Myer, K. (2001). Methods in biochemical identification of bacteria. Myer\u2019s and Koshi\u2019s manual of diagnostic procedures in medical microbiology and immunology\/serology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore. Christ. Med. Coll., 195\u2013202."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2016). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Testing: Twenty-Sixth Informational Supplement M100-S26, CLSI."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"486","article-title":"Detection of ESBLs using third & fourth generation cephalosporins in double disc synergy test","volume":"126","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3724-3732.2003","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of CTX-M extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Russian hospitals","volume":"47","author":"Edelstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.12.3829-3836.2002","article-title":"Mechanisms of decreased susceptibility to cefpodoxime in Escherichia coli","volume":"46","author":"Oliver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"CLSI (2015). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, CLSI. [12th ed.]. CLSI Document M02-A12."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Wayne, P. (2015). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [10th ed.]. CLSI document M07\u2013A10."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"EUCAST (2017). The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters, EUCAST. Version 7.1."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/9\/3\/108\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:03:17Z","timestamp":1760173397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/9\/3\/108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics9030108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9030108","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]}}}