{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:42:46Z","timestamp":1778496166903,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003090","name":"Lyme Disease Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Asenejani PV88"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Asenejani PV88"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of New Haven Summer Research Grant and Research Fund","award":["SRG\/RF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRG\/RF"]}]},{"name":"University of New Haven Research Scholar","award":["URS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical bodies containing proteins and nucleic acids that are released by Gram-negative bacteria, including Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. The functional relationship between B. burgdorferi OMVs and host neuron homeostasis is not well understood. The objective of this study was to examine how B. burgdorferi OMVs impact the host cell environment. First, an in vitro model was established by co-culturing human BE2C neuroblastoma cells with B. burgdorferi B31. B. burgdorferi was able to invade BE2C cells within 24 h. Despite internalization, BE2C cell viability and levels of apoptosis remained unchanged, but resulted in dramatically increased production of MCP-1 and MCP-2 cytokines. Elevated secretion of MCP-1 has previously been associated with changes in oxidative stress. BE2C cell mitochondrial superoxides were reduced as early as 30 min after exposure to B. burgdorferi and OMVs. To rule out whether BE2C cell antioxidant response is the cause of decline in superoxides, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) gene expression was assessed. SOD2 expression was reduced upon exposure to B. burgdorferi, suggesting that B. burgdorferi might be responsible for superoxide reduction. These results suggest that B. burgdorferi modulates cell antioxidant defense and immune system reaction in response to the bacterial infection. In summary, these results show that B. burgdorferi OMVs serve to directly counter superoxide production in BE2C neurons, thereby \u2018priming\u2019 the host environment to support B. burgdorferi colonization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9050275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T06:43:40Z","timestamp":1590389020000},"page":"275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effect of Borrelia burgdorferi Outer Membrane Vesicles on Host Oxidative Stress Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Keith","family":"Wawrzeniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gauri","family":"Gaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Sapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza G.","family":"Senejani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.06.005","article-title":"Epidemiology of Lyme disease in low-incidence states","volume":"6","author":"Forrester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lindgren, E., Jaenson, T.G., Menne, B., and World Health Organization (2006). 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