{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:04:13Z","timestamp":1777579453566,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,19]],"date-time":"2020-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005880","name":"National Institute of Biological Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIBR202009201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIBR202009201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become an immediate threat to public health. Antimicrobial peptides are attracting attention as a new source of antibiotics due to their ability to prevent drug-resistances with fewer side effects. Spider venom is composed of various bioactive substances with multiple functionalities such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, RNA sequencing was conducted on the venom gland of the spider Pardosa astrigera, and a potential toxin peptide with antibacterial properties was selected via homology and in silico analysis. A novel toxin, Lycotoxin-Pa4a, inhibited both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria by disrupting the outer and bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Moreover, the peptide downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators while upregulating the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine by inactivating mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophage cell line. In this research, we identified a novel peptide toxin, Lycotoxin-pa4a, with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting its potential for the development of a new antibiotics, as well as offering insights into the utilization of biological resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T06:08:17Z","timestamp":1595225297000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Novel Peptide Toxin from the Spider Pardosa astrigera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Min Kyoung","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Donnguk University-Seoul, Biomedi Campus, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In-Wook","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Donnguk University-Seoul, Biomedi Campus, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunkyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Donnguk University-Seoul, Biomedi Campus, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Environment Research Institute, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wonhee","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Donnguk University-Seoul, Biomedi Campus, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2162-4010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo Young","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hwan","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung-Suk","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Donnguk University-Seoul, Biomedi Campus, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065603","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4065603","article-title":"Multidrug Resistant and Extensively Drug Resistant Bacteria: A Study","volume":"2016","author":"Basak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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