{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T18:27:46Z","timestamp":1788805666771,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women represent a common bacteriological finding, with negligible recent and consistent research on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the female population. We designed a retrospective study to observe the incidence of frequent uropathogens and their resistance rates to common antibiotics. We elaborated multicenter research in three different teaching hospitals in Romania, analyzing 13,081 urine samples, of which 1588 met the criteria of inclusion. Escherichia coli (58.37%) was the most frequent Gram-negative uropathogen, presenting high resistance rates to levofloxacin (R = 29.66%), amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic ac. (R = 14.13%), and ceftazidime (R = 6.68%). We found good sensitivity to imipenem and meropenem (both 98.16%), amikacin (S = 96.0%), and fosfomycin (S = 90.39%). The second most prevalent uropathogen was Klebsiella (16.93%), with the highest resistance quota to amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic ac. (R = 28.62%), levofloxacin and nitrofurantoin (both R = 15.61%), and ceftazidime (R = 15.24%), and good sensitivity to imipenem (S = 93.93%), meropenem (S = 91.91%), and amikacin (S = 88.47%). Enterococcus (13.35%) was the most encountered Gram-positive pathogen. It proved the highest resistance to levofloxacin (R = 32.07%), penicillin (R = 32.07%), and ampicillin (R = 14.62%) and good sensitivity to vancomycin (S = 91.98%), fosfomycin (S = 94.4%), and nitrofurantoin (S = 89.15%). Considering the lack of recent and consistent data on this topic, we find our survey a valuable starting research study in this area with high significance for an accurate clinical approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9080472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T03:16:46Z","timestamp":1596424606000},"page":"472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Spectrum and Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogens in Romanian Females"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u0103zvan-Cosmin","family":"Petca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Urology, \u201cProf. Dr. Th. Burghele\u201d Clinical Hospital, 20 Panduri str., 050659 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1005-7388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Mare\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, \u201cProf. Dr. Th. Burghele\u201d Clinical Hospital, 20 Panduri str., 050659 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4890-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Petca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias University Hospital, 17 Marasti blvd., 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9384-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvius","family":"Negoi\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Elias University Hospital, 17 Marasti blvd., 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6614-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u0103zvan-Ionu\u021b","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, \u201cProf. Dr. Th. Burghele\u201d Clinical Hospital, 20 Panduri str., 050659 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Bo\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias University Hospital, 17 Marasti blvd., 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enik\u0151","family":"Barab\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu-Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu str., 540139 Targu-Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mure\u0219 County Hospital, 1st Gheorghe Marinescu str., 540136 Targu-Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u0103lin Bogdan","family":"Chibelean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu-Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu str., 540139 Targu-Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Mure\u0219 County Hospital, 1st Gheorghe Marinescu str., 540136 Targu-Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756287219832172","DOI":"10.1177\/1756287219832172","article-title":"An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections","volume":"11","author":"Medina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. 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