{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:24:50Z","timestamp":1772771090443,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cubist","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, our group has shown that a dysregulated balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine response biased towards an immunoparalysis phenotype is predictive of persistence and mortality, despite receipt of antibiotics. Certain antibiotics, as well as lipoteichoic acid (LTA) released from S. aureus, can modulate immune response ex vivo. Here, we evaluated the effects of three anti-staphylococcal antibiotics (vancomycin, tedizolid, and daptomycin) on the expression of cytokines and cell surface markers of immune activation (TNF\u03b1, HLA-DR) and immunoparalysis (IL-10, PD-L1) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) exposed to high (10 \u03bcg) and low (1 \u03bcg) doses of LTA. Results suggested a dose-dependent relationship between LTA and induction of anti- and pro-inflammatory immune responses. Differential antibiotic effects were prominently observed at high but not low LTA condition. Vancomycin significantly induced IL-10 and TNF\u03b1 expression, whereas daptomycin had no effects on cytokine response or expression of cell surface receptors. Tedizolid increased TNF\u03b1 and modestly increased HLA-DR expression, suggesting a stimulatory effect. These findings suggest that anti-staphylococcal agents differentially alter LTA-mediated immune cell activation status and cytokine response, providing support for future clinical studies to better elucidate the complexities of host\u2013microbial\u2013antibiotic interaction that can help direct precision therapy for S. aureus bacteremia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9090573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T08:40:26Z","timestamp":1599122426000},"page":"573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antibiotics Differentially Modulate Lipoteichoic Acid-Mediated Host Immune Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marquerita","family":"Algorri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Wong-Beringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3552","article-title":"Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: From cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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