{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:56:30Z","timestamp":1792133790165,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge of microbial composition and antimicrobials\u2019 susceptibility to periodontal abscesses is vital for their successful treatment. The current study aims to provide a thorough overview of the clinical and microbial features of periodontal abscesses of the local community. The study was carried out at Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar, Pakistan between December 2019 to March 2020. Clinical measurements and microbial samples were collected from 45 subjects. Microbial samples were anaerobically cultured for the growth of selected bacterial species. E-test was used to assess the susceptibility of bacterial species grown from the patient samples to amoxicillin, azithromycin, metronidazole, and tetracycline. The majority of affected patients had preexisting chronic periodontitis. All abscesses clinically demonstrated bleeding on probing and suppuration. The periodontal abscess was most commonly associated with lower incisors and canines, followed by lower molars and then upper incisor and canine teeth. Fusobacterium spp. (73%) was the most frequently detected species followed by Prevotella intermedia\/nigrescens (65%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (46%) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (24%). The detected clinical isolates of certain bacteria demonstrated resistance to all tested antibiotics except azithromycin. We conclude that Fusobacterium spp., P. intermedia\/nigrescens, P. gingivalis, C. rectus, T. forsythia and A. actinomycetemcomitans are closely associated with periodontal abscess. Bacterial species associated with periodontal abscess demonstrated some level of antimicrobial resistance to amoxicillin, metronidazole and tetracycline while antibiotic resistance to azithromycin could not be demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9100654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T08:43:27Z","timestamp":1601369007000},"page":"654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pathogens Associated with Periodontal Abscess"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9910-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Irshad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Rehman College of Dentistry, RMI, Hayatabad Phase V, Peshawar, KP, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7131-1752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Khursheed","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Alawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Department, Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Amman 11180, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Abdullah","family":"Alhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aljouf Specialist Dental Center, MOH, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Abdullah","family":"Alhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh 11176, Jurisdiction"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasser Saleh","family":"Almunajem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh 11176, Jurisdiction"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fesal Farag","family":"Alanezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh 11176, Jurisdiction"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharafi Abdullah","family":"Al Sagoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh 11176, Jurisdiction"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman Mudaysh","family":"Bajawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh 11176, Jurisdiction"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Ali","family":"Alfawzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0088-0565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Amjad","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia"},{"name":"Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1999.4.1.79","article-title":"Periodontal Abscess","volume":"4","author":"Meng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. 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