{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:10:57Z","timestamp":1790079057879,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["no grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no grant number"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insight into antibiotic prescribing quality is key to general practitioners (GPs) to improve their prescribing behavior and to national antibiotic surveillance and stewardship programs. Additionally to numbers of prescribed antibiotics, quality indicators (QIs) linked to the clinical indication for prescribing are urgently needed. The aim of this proof of concept study was to define indication-linked QIs which can be easily implemented in Dutch primary care by collaborating with data-extraction\/processing companies that routinely process patient data for GP practices. An expert group of academic and practicing GPs defined indication-linked QIs for which outcomes can be derived from routine care data. QI outcomes were calculated and fed back to GPs from 44 practices, associations between QI outcomes were determined, and GPs\u2019 opinions and suggestions with respect to the new set were captured using an online questionnaire. The new set comprises: (1) total number of prescribed antibiotics per 1000 registered patients and percentages of generally non-1st choice antibiotics; (2) prescribing percentages for episodes of upper and lower respiratory tract infection; (3) 1st choice prescribing for episodes of tonsillitis, pneumonia and cystitis in women. Large inter-practice variation in QI outcomes was found. The validity of the QI outcomes was confirmed by associations that were expected. The new set was highly appreciated by GPs and additional QIs were suggested. We conclude that it proved feasible to provide GPs with informative, indication-linked feedback of their antibiotic prescribing quality by collaborating with established data extraction\/processing companies. Based on GPs\u2019 suggestions the set will be refined and extended and used in the near future as yearly feedback with benchmarking for GPs and for national surveillance and stewardship purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9100670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T08:35:57Z","timestamp":1601886957000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Structural Antibiotic Surveillance and Stewardship via Indication-Linked Quality Indicators: Pilot in Dutch Primary Care"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alike W.","family":"van der Velden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieke I.","family":"van Triest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelot F.","family":"Schoffelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo J. M.","family":"Verheij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, August 10). ECDC\u2014Antimicrobial Consumption\u2014Annual Epidemiological Report for 2018. 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