{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:09:51Z","timestamp":1787620191212,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO, currently MICINN) and the Junta de Extremadura and FEDER of Spain.","award":["Grant AGL2016-74882-C3, IB16073, IB18047 and GR15075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant AGL2016-74882-C3, IB16073, IB18047 and GR15075"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Salmonellaenterica serovar Choleraesuis affects domestic pig and wild boar (WB), causing clinical salmonellosis. Iberian swine production is based on a free-range production system where WB and Iberian pig (IP) share ecosystems. This study focuses on the negative impact on the pork industry of infections due to this serotype, its role in the spread of antibiotic resistance, and its zoonotic potential. Antibiotic resistance (AR) and genetic relationships were analyzed among 20 strains of S. Choleraesuis isolated from diseased WB and IP sampled in the southwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. AR was studied using the Kirby\u2013Bauer method with the exception of colistin resistance, which was measured using the broth microdilution reference method. Resistance and Class 1 integrase genes were measured using PCR, and the genetic relationship between isolates and plasmid content by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The results show a higher incidence of AR in isolates from IP. Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven profiles with two groups containing isolates from IP and WB, which indicates circulation of the same clone between species. Most pulsotypes presented with one plasmid of the same size, indicating vertical transmission. AR determinants blaTEM and tetA were routinely found in IP and WB, respectively. One isolate from IP expressed colistin resistance and presented the mcr-1 gene carried by a plasmid. This study suggests that S. Choleraesuis circulates between WB and IP living in proximity, and also that the mobilization of AR genes by plasmids is low. Furthermore, the detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in bacteria from IP is alarming and should be monitored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T09:44:53Z","timestamp":1603964693000},"page":"750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance by Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis between Close Domestic and Wild Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0797-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gil Molino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Patolog\u00eda Infecciosa, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4806-8736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Producci\u00f3n Animal, CICYTEX-La Orden, 06187 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda Gabriela","family":"Zurita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Patolog\u00eda Infecciosa, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4971-4883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Eduardo","family":"Mart\u00edn-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Reproducci\u00f3n, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovaci\u00f3n en Gesti\u00f3n y Conservaci\u00f3n de Ingulados S.L. (INGULADOS), 10004 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Risco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovaci\u00f3n en Gesti\u00f3n y Conservaci\u00f3n de Ingulados S.L. (INGULADOS), 10004 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"},{"name":"Neobeitar S.L., 10004 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6425-4673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Patolog\u00eda Infecciosa, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Llario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovaci\u00f3n en Gesti\u00f3n y Conservaci\u00f3n de Ingulados S.L. (INGULADOS), 10004 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Gen\u00e9tica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"},{"name":"INBIO G+C, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"The Harm of Salmonella to Pig Industry and Its Control Measures","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13003","article-title":"Outbreaks of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella Choleraesuis in wild boars piglets from central-western Spain","volume":"66","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-009-0339-3","article-title":"Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis in a wild boar population in Germany","volume":"56","author":"Methner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wray, C., and Wray, A. (2000). Salmonella infections in pigs. Salmonella in Domestic Animals, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851992617.0000"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2008.08.004","article-title":"Molecular typing and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates from diseased pigs in Japan","volume":"33","author":"Asai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.01.004","article-title":"Reappearance of Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf in Danish pig herds","volume":"176","author":"Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"6","article-title":"Outbreak of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar. choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf (S. Choleraesuis) on a Danish pig farm","volume":"83","author":"Baggesen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dan. Veterin\u00e6rtidsskrift"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulsen, P., and Bauer, A.F.J.M.S. (2014). Outbreak of atypical Salmonella Choleraesuis in wild boar in North Eastern Italy. Trens in Game Meat Hygiene, Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-790-5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.16.464","article-title":"Outbreak of salmonellosis in farmed European wild boars (Sus scrofa ferus)","volume":"145","author":"Perez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"700","article-title":"Case report: Salmonella choleraesuis as a cause of haematogenous osteomyelitis in a wild boar (Sus scrofa). Fallbericht: Osteomyelitis bei einem wildschwein (Sus scrofa) durch salmonella choleraesuis","volume":"59","author":"Weber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tierarztl. Umsch."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00316","article-title":"Characterizing Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis, var. Kunzendorf: A comparative case study","volume":"6","author":"Longo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"89","article-title":"El cerdo Ib\u00e9rico y su sistema de producci\u00f3n","volume":"12","author":"Rillo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anim. Genet. Resour. Resour. G\u00e9n\u00e9tiques Anim. Recur. Gen\u00e9ticos Anim."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-013-0739-2","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in wild boar and Iberian pigs in south-central Spain","volume":"59","author":"Kukielka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Carrasco Garc\u00eda de Le\u00f3n, R. (2016, December 30). Factores de Riesgo de Transmisi\u00f3n de Enfermedades en Ungulados Cineg\u00e9ticos del Centro y sur de Espa\u00f1a. Available online: https:\/\/ruidera.uclm.es\/xmlui\/handle\/10578\/9753."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-Gonzalez, N., Mentaberre, G., Porrero, C.M., Serrano, E., Mateos, A., L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00edn, J.M., Lav\u00edn, S., and Dom\u00ednguez, L. (2012). Effect of cattle on Salmonella carriage, diversity and antimicrobial resistance in free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) in northeastern Spain. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051614"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12596","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife","volume":"53","author":"Vittecoq","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13140","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in tonsils, mandibular lymph nodes and faeces of wild boar from Spain and genetic relationship between isolates","volume":"66","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00179","article-title":"Cross-Border Transmission of Salmonella Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf in European Pigs and Wild Boar: Infection, Genetics, and Evolution","volume":"10","author":"Leekitcharoenphon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.311-322.2004","article-title":"Salmonella enterica Serotype Choleraesuis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Disease, and Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Chiu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"240","article-title":"Extraintestinal focal infections in adults with Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis bacteremia","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"358","article-title":"Bacteremia caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis in Taiwan","volume":"39","author":"Jean","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012261","article-title":"The Emergence in Taiwan of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serotype Choleraesuis","volume":"346","author":"Chiu","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i11.2086","article-title":"Severe infection with multidrug-resistant Salmonella choleraesuis in a young patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"23","author":"Ferstl","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.3.723-726.2001","article-title":"Incidence of class 1 and 2 integrases in clinical and commensal bacteria from livestock, companion animals, and exotics","volume":"45","author":"Goldstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.12.2925","article-title":"Incidence and characterization of integrons, genetic elements mediating multiple-drug resistance, in avianEscherichia coli","volume":"43","author":"Bass","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.8.2299-2303.2001","article-title":"Large Drug Resistance Virulence Plasmids of Clinical Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis","volume":"45","author":"Chu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2011.12.029","article-title":"Reduction of Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis carrying large virulence plasmids after the foot and mouth disease outbreak in swine in southern Taiwan, and their independent evolution in human and pig","volume":"45","author":"Tzeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01792-09","article-title":"Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum cephalosporinase-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates from patients in Thailand and Denmark","volume":"48","author":"Sirichote","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2017.11.004","article-title":"Genetic analysis of virulence and antimicrobial-resistant plasmid pOU7519 in Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.06.005","article-title":"Use of colistin-containing products within the European Union and European Economic Area (EU\/EEA): Development of resistance in animals and possible impact on human and animal health","volume":"46","author":"Catry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwich, L., Vidal, A., Seminati, C., Albamonte, A., Casado, A., L\u00f3pez, F., Molina-L\u00f3pez, R.A., and Migura-Garcia, L. (2019). High prevalence and diversity of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and emergence of OXA-48 producing Enterobacterales in wildlife in Catalonia. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210686"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Environmental emission of multiresistant Escherichia coli carrying the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 from German swine farms","volume":"72","author":"Guenther","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01789","article-title":"Colistin in Pig Production: Chemistry, Mechanism of Antibacterial Action, Microbial Resistance Emergence, and One Health Perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Rhouma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, T., Domingues, S., and Da Silva, G.J. (2019). Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Salmonella enterica: A review. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7020055"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa076","article-title":"Detection of multidrug-and colistin-resistant Salmonella Choleraesuis causing bloodstream infection","volume":"75","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.05.005","article-title":"Escherichia coli ST167 carrying plasmid mobilisable mcr-1 and blaCTX-M-15 resistance determinants isolated from a human respiratory infection","volume":"50","author":"Iglesias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2012.11.004","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in European wild boar (Sus scrofa); Latium Region\u2013Italy","volume":"36","author":"Zottola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-42","article-title":"Salmonella serotypes in wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in northern Italy","volume":"55","author":"Chiari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2798-2804.2005","article-title":"Epidemiologic relationship between fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis strains isolated from humans and pigs in Taiwan (1997 to 2002)","volume":"43","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Paulsen, P.B.A., and Smulders, F.J.M. (2017). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis strains forum wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Italy. Game Meat Hygiene, Wageningen Academic Publishers."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2012.08.004","article-title":"Comparative study of class 1 integron, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline (ACSSuT) and fluoroquinolone resistance in various Salmonella serovars from humans and animals","volume":"36","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Chiu, C.-H., and Su, L.-H. (2020, October 28). Salmonella, Non-Typhoidal Species (S. choleraesuis, S. enteritidis, S. hadar, S. typhimurium). Available online: http:\/\/www.antimicrobe.org\/b258.asp."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1086\/422726","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoid Salmonella serotypes: A global challenge","volume":"39","author":"Su","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gigu\u00e8re, S., Prescott, J.F., and Dowling, P.M. (2013). Sulfonamides, Diaminopyrimidines, and Their Combinations. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118675014.ch17"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/495141a","article-title":"The antibiotic alarm","volume":"495","author":"Nature","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, T., Okubo, T., Usui, M., Yokota, S.-I., Izumiyama, S., and Tamura, Y. (2014). Association of Veterinary Third-Generation Cephalosporin Use with the Risk of Emergence of Extended-Spectrum-Cephalosporin Resistance in Escherichia coli from Dairy Cattle in Japan. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096101"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39435","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.39435","article-title":"The distribution of antibiotic use and its association with antibiotic resistance","volume":"7","author":"Olesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.07.037","article-title":"Food-borne zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance of indicator bacteria in urban wild boars in Barcelona, Spain","volume":"167","author":"Porrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-018-1221-y","article-title":"Carriage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in urban versus rural wild boars","volume":"64","author":"Morellet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1198-743X.2004.00858.x","article-title":"Resistance integrons and super-integrons","volume":"10","author":"Fluit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.09.017","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of class 1 integrons in Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates from southern Taiwan","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2001123","article-title":"Resistance to trimethoprim and sulfonamides","volume":"32","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.836-839.2005","article-title":"Dissemination of sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, and sul3) in Portuguese Salmonella enterica strains and relation with integrons","volume":"49","author":"Antunes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.8.1575","article-title":"Development of PCR primers for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis based on the fliC gene","volume":"68","author":"Chiu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.59","article-title":"Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet","volume":"3","author":"Ribot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foodbourne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.10.3156-3163.2002","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactamases in ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from foods, humans, and healthy animals","volume":"46","author":"Zarazaga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.06.014","article-title":"Prevalence of serogroups and virulence factors of Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs with postweaning diarrhoea in eastern China","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(02)00084-3","article-title":"Bacterial antibiotic resistance levels in Danish farmland as a result of treatment with pig manure slurry","volume":"28","author":"Baloda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg426","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and occurrence of resistance genes among Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden from different countries","volume":"52","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2007.0075","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of Salmonella Rissen from animals, food products, and patients in Thailand and Denmark","volume":"5","author":"Hendriksen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmani, M., Peighambari, S.M., Svendsen, C.A., Cavaco, L.M., Agers\u00f8, Y., and Hendriksen, R.S. (2013). Molecular clonality and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Infantis from broilers in three Northern regions of Iran. BMC Vet. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-66"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01821-08","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from swine and wild small mammals in the proximity of swine farms and in natural environments in Ontario, Canada","volume":"75","author":"Kozak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7","article-title":"Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: A microbiological and molecular biological study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.8.3038-3040.2002","article-title":"Presence of integron-associated resistance in the community is widespread and contributes to multidrug resistance in the hospital","volume":"40","author":"Paauw","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.1.185","article-title":"PCR mapping of integrons reveals several novel combinations of resistance genes","volume":"39","author":"Levesque","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/9\/11\/750\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:30:30Z","timestamp":1760178630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/9\/11\/750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics9110750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9110750","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]}}}