{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:03:50Z","timestamp":1793214230666,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostatitis is an inflammatory condition that is related to multiple infectious agents, including bacteria and fungi. Traditional herbal extracts proved efficacious in controlling clinical symptoms associated with prostatitis. In this context, the aim of the present study was to explore the efficacy of extracts from Solidago virga-aurea, Ononis spinosa, Peumus boldus, Epilobium angustifolium, and Phyllanthus niruri against bacterial (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and fungi strains (Candida albicans; C. tropicalis) involved in prostatitis. Additionally, anti-mycotic effects were tested against multiple species of dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. erinacei, Arthroderma crocatum, A. quadrifidum, A. gypseum, A. currey, and A. insingulare). Antioxidant effects were also evaluated in isolated rat prostates challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and phytochemical analyses were conducted to identify and quantify selected phenolic compounds, in the extracts. Finally, a bioinformatics analysis was conducted to predict putative human and microbial enzymes targeted by extracts\u2019 phytocompounds and underlying the observed bio-pharmacological effects. The phytochemical analysis highlighted that rutin levels could be crucial for explaining the highest antibacterial activity of P. boldus extract, especially against E. coli and B. cereus. On the other hand, in the E. angustifolium extract, catechin concentration could partially explain the highest efficacy of this extract in reducing lipid peroxidation, in isolated rat prostates stimulated with LPS. Concluding, the results of the present study showed moderate antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects induced by water extracts of S. virga-aurea, P. boldus, E. angustifolium, P. niruri, and O. spinosa that could be related, at least partially, to the phenolic composition of the phytocomplex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T09:03:04Z","timestamp":1604653384000},"page":"783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Phenolic Content and Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Solidago virga-aurea, Phyllanthus niruri, Epilobium angustifolium, Peumus boldus, and Ononis spinosa Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9431-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Chiavaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6862-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7768-0468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Venanzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Angeles Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Brunetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Petrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Omega Pharma 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Recinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6548-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokhan","family":"Zengin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk Universtiy, Campus, Konya, 42130 Konya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunes","family":"Ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk Universtiy, Campus, Konya, 42130 Konya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Di Mascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veridia Italia Srl, via Raiale 285, 65100 Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bacchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veridia Italia Srl, via Raiale 285, 65100 Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giustino","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.07.007","article-title":"Studies on antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of herbal remedies used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis","volume":"103","author":"Steenkamp","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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