{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:37:18Z","timestamp":1790707038364,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Campylobacter species have developed resistance to existing antibiotics. The development of alternative therapies is, therefore, a necessity. This study evaluates the susceptibility of Campylobacter strains to selected natural products (NPs) and frontline antibiotics. Two C. jejuni strains (ATCC\u00ae 33560TM and MT947450) and two C. coli strains (ATCC\u00ae 33559TM and MT947451) were used. The antimicrobial potential of the NPs, including plant extracts, essential oils, and pure phytochemicals, was evaluated by broth microdilution. The growth was measured by spectrophotometry and iodonitrotetrazolium chloride. Antibiotic resistance genes (tet(O) and gyrA) were characterized at the molecular level. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) ranged from 25 to 1600 \u00b5g\/mL. Cinnamon oil, (E)-Cinnamaldehyde, clove oil, eugenol, and baicalein had the lowest MIC and MBC values (25\u2013100 \u00b5g\/mL). MT947450 and MT947451 were sensitive to erythromycin and gentamicin but resistant to quinolones and tetracycline. Mutations in gyrA and tet(O) genes from resistant strains were confirmed by sequencing. The findings show that NPs are effective against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Campylobacter strains. The resistance to antibiotics was confirmed at phenotypic and genotypic levels. This merits further studies to decipher the action mechanisms and synergistic activities of NPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T19:08:29Z","timestamp":1604948909000},"page":"790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Susceptibility of Campylobacter Strains to Selected Natural Products and Frontline Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7813-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noel","family":"Gahamanyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea"},{"name":"SACIDS Foundation for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3015, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae-Geun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Hyun","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kye-Yoon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5746-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard E.G.","family":"Mboera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SACIDS Foundation for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3015, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mecky I.","family":"Matee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8725-4131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieudonn\u00e9","family":"Mutangana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3900, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9689-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghavendra G.","family":"Amachawadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick V.G.","family":"Komba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SACIDS Foundation for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3015, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0322-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheol-Ho","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea"},{"name":"Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2014major pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. 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