{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:28Z","timestamp":1787027488749,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003669","name":"Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017NER54060 and 2020ER540500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017NER54060 and 2020ER540500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003669","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), including coagulase-negative staphylococci, have emerged as important causes of opportunistic infections in humans and animals and a potential cause of staphylococcal food poisoning. In this study, we investigated (i) the staphylococcal species profiles of NAS in in retail chicken meat, (ii) the phenotypic and genotypic factors associated with antimicrobial resistance in the NAS isolates, and (iii) the prevalence of classical and newer staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes. A total of 58 NAS of nine different species were isolated from retail raw chicken meat samples. The occurrence of multidrug resistance in the NAS, particularly S. agnetis and S. chromogenes, with high resistance rates against tetracycline or fluoroquinolones were confirmed. The tetracycline resistance was associated with the presence of tet(L) in S. chromogenes and S. hyicus or tet(K) in S. saprophyticus. The occurrence of fluoroquinolone resistance in S. agnetis and S. chromogenes was usually associated with mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) of gyrA and parC. In addition, the frequent presence of SE genes, especially seh, sej, and sep, was detected in S. agnetis and S. chromogenes. Our findings suggest that NAS in raw chicken meat can have potential roles as reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance and enterotoxin genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T10:32:47Z","timestamp":1605263567000},"page":"809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Species Distribution, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Enterotoxigenicity of Non-aureus Staphylococci in Retail Chicken Meat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Soo In","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Do","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Heon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3253-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo-Jin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.50.1.223","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococci: Role as pathogens","volume":"50","author":"Huebner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00438-3","article-title":"Pathogenesis of infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"2","author":"Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-48-9-819","article-title":"Enterotoxin production by coagulase-negative staphylococci in restaurant workers from Kuwait city may be a potential cause of food poisoning","volume":"48","author":"Udo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.09.018","article-title":"A study of the enterotoxigenicity of coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates from food poisoning outbreaks in Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Veras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700500112","article-title":"Coagulase production as a criterion for the classification of the staphylococci","volume":"50","author":"Fairbrother","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1492","article-title":"Coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from chicken meat: Pathogenic potential and vancomycin resistance","volume":"10","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0210-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and virulence characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci from imported beef meat","volume":"16","author":"Osman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00436","article-title":"Basis of virulence in enterotoxin-mediated staphylococcal food poisoning","volume":"9","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.02.019","article-title":"Characterization of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) in retail meat","volume":"42","author":"Bhargava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42205","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42205","article-title":"mecA-related structure in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from street food in Taiwan","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02302-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02302-16","article-title":"Evolutionary origin of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec)","volume":"61","author":"Rolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2222","article-title":"Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. carrying the mecC gene, isolated from wildlife","volume":"68","author":"Loncaric","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.171074","article-title":"Plasmid-encoded transferable mecB-mediated methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"24","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4577","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05064-14","article-title":"First staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec containing a mecB-carrying gene complex independent of transposon Tn6045 in a Macrococcus caseolyticus isolate from a canine infection","volume":"59","author":"Schwendener","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2009). International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements (IWG-SCC), Classification of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec): Guidelines for reporting novel SCCmec elements. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother., 53, 4961\u20134967."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4352","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00356-10","article-title":"Origin and molecular evolution of the determinant of methicillin resistance in staphylococci","volume":"54","author":"Tsubakishita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.10.2151","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin resistance in coagulase-positive and-negative staphylococci: Role of mutations at serine 84 in the DNA gyrase A protein of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"35","author":"Sreedharan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.3.383","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of quinolones against coagulase-negative staphylococci and the quinolone resistance-determining region of the gyrA genes from six species","volume":"40","author":"Takahata","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.1.49","article-title":"Characterization of gyrA, gyrB, grlA and grlB mutations in fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"41","author":"Takahashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.05076.x","article-title":"Molecular detection of enterotoxins E, G, H and I in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase--negative staphylococci isolated from clinical samples of newborns in Brazil","volume":"111","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.23.1.43-45.1986","article-title":"Involvement of coagulase-negative staphylococci in toxic shock syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Crass","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-0032-x","article-title":"Detection of stapylococcal enterotoxin, methicillin-resistant and Panton\u2013Valentine leukocidin genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from cows and ewes with subclinical mastitis","volume":"44","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Animal Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1992.tb01150.x","article-title":"Production of staphylococcal enterotoxins and TSST-1 by coagulase negative staphylococci Isolated from ruminant mastitis","volume":"39","author":"Orden","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02349.x","article-title":"PCR detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in staphylococcus spp. strains isolated from meat and dairy products. Evidence for new variants of seG and seI in S. aureus AB--8802","volume":"97","author":"Blaiotta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., Heo, S., Jeong, M., and Jeong, D.W. (2019). Transfer of a mobile Staphylococcus saprophyticus plasmid isolated from fermented seafood that confers tetracycline resistance. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213289"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00613-08","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of old and recent Staphylococcus aureus isolates from poultry: First detection of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant strain ST398","volume":"52","author":"Nemati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir181","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US meat and poultry","volume":"52","author":"Waters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(11)80789-9","article-title":"Importance of staphylococci that produce nanogram quantities of enterotoxin","volume":"282","author":"Bergdoll","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zbl. Bakt."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2184","article-title":"Bovine subclinical mastitis caused by different types of coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"92","author":"Thorberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"482","article-title":"Staphylococcus hyicus (Sompolinsky 1953) comb. nov. and Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. chromogenes subsp. nov.","volume":"28","author":"Devriese","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03139-15","article-title":"Staphylococcus chromogenes, a coagulase-negative staphylococcus species that can clot plasma","volume":"54","author":"Lange","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02239-16","article-title":"Species identification and strain typing of Staphylococcus agnetis and Staphylococcus hyicus isolates from bovine milk by use of a novel multiplex PCR assay and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis","volume":"55","author":"Adkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.5.4.387","article-title":"Bacterial resistance to tetracycline: Mechanisms, transfer, and clinical significance","volume":"5","author":"Speer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.007","article-title":"Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in meat","volume":"134","author":"Wit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815000126","article-title":"First report of identification of livestock-associated MRSA ST9 in retail meat in England","volume":"143","author":"Dhup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.17221\/58\/2012-CJFS","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of enterococci, coagulase negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken meat","volume":"31","author":"Yurdakul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osman, K., Badr, J., Al-Maary, K.S., Moussa, I.M.I., Hessain, A.M., Girah, Z.M.S.A., Abo-shama, U.H., Orabi, A., and Saad, A. (2016). Prevalence of the antibiotic resistance genes in coagulase-positive-and negative-staphylococcus in chicken meat retailed to consumers. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01846"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt092","article-title":"Presence and dissemination of the multiresistance gene cfr in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"68","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2018.05.001","article-title":"Mobile macrolide resistance genes in staphylococci","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02063","article-title":"Small antimicrobial resistance plasmids in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398","volume":"9","author":"Kadlec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.04.002","article-title":"Occurrence of cfr-mediated multiresistance in staphylococci from veal calves and pigs, from humans at the corresponding farms, and from veterinarians and their family members","volume":"200","author":"Cuny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2010.0144","article-title":"Analysis of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec in Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus sciuri: Identification of a novel ccr gene complex with a newly Identified ccrA Allotype (ccrA7)","volume":"17","author":"Urushibara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"CLSI (2019). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. VET09."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.752-754.2000","article-title":"Correlation of oxacillin MIC with mecA gene carriage in coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"38","author":"Hussain","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.702-710","article-title":"Tetracycline resistance phenotypes and genotypes of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates from bubaline mastitis in Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Arafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2020, November 12). Korea Animal Health Products Association (KAHPA), National Sales of Antimicrobials and Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance on the Domestic and Imported Meat and Fishery Products, Seoul, Korea. Available online: http:\/\/www.kahpa.or.kr\/main.asp."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2012.12.004","article-title":"Multidrug resistance gene cfr in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from chickens, ducks, and pigs in China","volume":"303","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx292","article-title":"Novel multiresistance cfr plasmids in linezolid-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) from a hospital outbreak: Co-location of cfr and optrA in VRE","volume":"72","author":"Lazaris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M309593200","article-title":"High level oxacillin and vancomycin resistance and altered cell wall composition in Staphylococcus aureus carrying the staphylococcal mecA and the enterococcal vanA gene complex","volume":"279","author":"Severin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.5.1323-1326.1990","article-title":"Enterotoxin production by staphylococci isolated from healthy goats","volume":"56","author":"Valle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.35.2.264-268.1978","article-title":"Identification of enterotoxigenic staphylococci from sheep and sheep cheese","volume":"35","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.09.005","article-title":"An outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning caused by enterotoxin H in mashed potato made with raw milk","volume":"252","author":"Mathisen","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7030997","article-title":"Further evidence for staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks caused by egc-encoded enterotoxins","volume":"7","author":"Johler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Identification of staphylococcus species by 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer PCR analysis","volume":"48","author":"Mendoza","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.7.1768-1772.1994","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for identification of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in the clinical laboratory","volume":"32","author":"Geha","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00165-06","article-title":"Combination of multiplex PCRs for staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type assignment: Rapid identification system for mec, ccr, and major differences in junkyard regions","volume":"51","author":"Kondo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.2001.0363","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for the detection of tetracycline resistant genes","volume":"15","author":"Ng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1021\/bi5000564","article-title":"Mechanism of quinolone action and resistance","volume":"53","author":"Aldred","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2020.e20","article-title":"Occurrence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the beef production chain in Korea","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food. Sci. Anim. Resour."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.06.021","article-title":"Detection of classical and newly described staphylococcal superantigen genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine intramammary infections","volume":"147","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/9\/11\/809\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:33:13Z","timestamp":1760178793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/9\/11\/809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics9110809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9110809","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]}}}