{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:40Z","timestamp":1787027500801,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific research at King Faisal University","award":["186297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["186297"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genetic context of extended spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacterales and its association with plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AME) and Trimethoprim\/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) resistance is little known from North India. Therefore, the current study was aimed to investigate the frequency of Non-\u03b2-Lactam antibiotic resistance associated genes in extended spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase producing Enterobacterales. For this study, Non-Duplicate phenotypically confirmed ESBL producing Enterobacterales isolates (N = 186) were analyzed for ESBLs, PMQRs, AMEs and TMP-SMX resistance genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR detected presence of PMQR genes in 81.29% (N = 139) of ESBL isolates (N = 171), AME genes in 60.82% and TMP-SMX resistance genes in 63.74% of the isolates. Molecular characterization of ESBL producing Enterobacterales showed 84.79% blaTEM followed by 73.68% blaCTX-M, 43.86% blaSHV, 19.88% blaPER and 9.94% blaVEB, respectively. Analysis of PMQR genes revealed 77.7% aac(6\u2032)-lb-cr the most commonly detected gene followed by 67.63% oqxB, 62.59% oqxA, 43.17% qnrB, 19.42% qnrD, 18.7% qnrS, 9.35% qnrA, 3.6% qepA and 2.88% qnrC, respectively. Analysis of AMEs gene profile demonstrated 81.73% aac(6\u2032)-Ib, the most frequently encountered gene followed by 46.15% aph(3\u2032)-Ia, 44.23% ant(3\u201d)-Ia, respectively. A 100% prevalence of sul1, followed by dfrA (54.63%) and sul2 (15.74%) was observed. In summary, prevalence of ESBL-Producing genes (particularly blaTEM and blaCTX-M) along with PMQR, AMEs, and TMP-SMX resistant genes may potentially aid in the transfer of antimicrobial resistance among these strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9120884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1607505478000},"page":"884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Monitoring of Non-\u03b2-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance-Associated Genes in ESBL Producing Enterobacterales Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4245-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pottathil","family":"Shinu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Bareja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Badaun 243601, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2850-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anroop B.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vashishth","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Badaun 243601, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-0565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snawar","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0680-1549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharigatta N.","family":"Venugopala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2058-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagaraja","family":"Sreeharsha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangaluru 560035, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7007-9119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Attimarad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahibzada Tasleem","family":"Rasool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.2.533-537.2004","article-title":"Epidemiology of conjugative plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases in the United States","volume":"48","author":"Alvarez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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