{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:59:08Z","timestamp":1777564748848,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]],"date-time":"2020-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/N004590\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/N004590\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bactenecin (Bac) 5 is a bovine antimicrobial peptide (AMP) capable of killing some species of bacteria through the inhibition of protein synthesis. Bac5 and other AMPs have also been shown to have chemotactic properties and can induce inflammatory cytokine expression by innate immune cells. Recently, AMPs have begun to be investigated for their potential use as novel vaccine adjuvants. In the current work, we characterise the functionality of Bac5 in vitro using murine macrophage-like cells, ex vivo using human tonsil tissue and in vivo using a murine model of vaccination. We report the effects of the peptide in isolation and in the context of co-presentation with mycobacterial antigen and whole, inert Bacillus subtilis spore antigens. We find that Bac5 can trigger the release of nitric oxide from murine macrophages and upregulate surface marker expression including CD86, MHC-I and MHC-II, in the absence of additional agonists. When coupled with mycobacterial Ag85 and B. subtilis spores, Bac5 also enhanced IFN\u03b3 secretion. We provide evidence that B. subtilis spores, but not the Bac5 peptide, act as strong adjuvants in promoting antigen-specific immunoglobulin production in Ag85B-vaccinated mice. Our findings suggest that Bac5 is an important regulator of the early cell-mediated host immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9120926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]],"date-time":"2020-12-20T22:33:53Z","timestamp":1608503633000},"page":"926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Antimicrobial Peptide, Bactenecin 5, Supports Cell-Mediated but Not Humoral Immunity in the Context of a Mycobacterial Antigen Vaccine Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tulika","family":"Munshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. George\u2019s Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Sparrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. George\u2019s Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendan W.","family":"Wren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajko","family":"Reljic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. George\u2019s Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Willcocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2285-7_3","article-title":"Improved methods for classification, prediction, and design of antimicrobial peptides","volume":"1268","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. 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