{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:25:37Z","timestamp":1778084737658,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Statutory Funds of the Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences","award":["no grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many toxic effects of cocaine are attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during its metabolism. Recently, it has been suggested that the biological action of ROS is often confused with endogenously generated reactive sulfur species (RSS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of cocaine on thiols and RSS in the rat liver and kidney in the drug self-administration (SA) paradigm and the cocaine yoked delivery model (YC) followed by drug abstinence with extinction training. The level of thiols as well as RSS formed during anaerobic metabolism of cysteine and sulfate were assayed. In addition, the activity of enzymes involved in RSS formation and glutathione metabolism were determined. In the liver, following direct cocaine administration (SA and YC), the RSS levels decreased, while in the kidneys, cocaine increased the RSS contents in both groups. These changes were maintained in these tissues during drug abstinence. The level of sulfates was changed by cocaine only in the liver. In the kidney, cocaine shifted cysteine metabolism towards an anaerobic pathway. Our study demonstrates for the first time the changes in cysteine metabolism and thiol levels in the liver and kidney of rats after cocaine self-administration and abstinence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T08:58:34Z","timestamp":1610096314000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of Cysteine Metabolism in the Rat Liver and Kidney Following Intravenous Cocaine Administration and Abstinence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Danuta","family":"Kowalczyk-Pachel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 7, Kopernika St., PL-31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Iciek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 7, Kopernika St., PL-31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9066-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bilska-Wilkosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 7, Kopernika St., PL-31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6393-9977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"G\u00f3rny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 7, Kopernika St., PL-31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Jastrz\u0119bska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Sm\u0119tna St., PL-31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Kami\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Sm\u0119tna St., PL-31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Dudzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 7, Kopernika St., PL-31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Sm\u0119tna St., PL-31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9970-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Lorenc-Koci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Sm\u0119tna St., PL-31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5624","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712803988893","article-title":"Side effects of cocaine abuse: Multiorgan toxicity and pathological consequences","volume":"19","author":"Riezzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. 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