{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:45:47Z","timestamp":1760233547976,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen - LifePharm Centre for In Vivo Pharmacology","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"University of Copenhagen - Foundation for Scientific Studies in Companion Animals","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Agria Research Foundation and the Swedish Kennel Club research foundation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Sveland Foundation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congestive heart failure (CHF) has been associated with depleted myocardial coenzyme Q10 (Q10) concentrations in human patients. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between myocardial Q10 concentrations and myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) severity in dogs. Furthermore, citrate synthase (CS) activity was analysed to determine if a reduction in myocardial Q10 was associated with mitochondrial depletion in the myocardium. Thirty Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS) in MMVD stages B1 (n = 11), B2 (n = 5) and C (n = 14) according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines and 10 control (CON) dogs of other breeds were included. Myocardial Q10 concentration was analysed in left ventricular tissue samples using HPLC-ECD. CKCS with congestive heart failure (CHF; group C) had significantly reduced Q10 concentrations (median, 1.54 \u00b5g\/mg; IQR, 1.36\u20131.94), compared to B1 (2.76 \u00b5g\/mg; 2.10\u20134.81, p &lt; 0.0018), B2 (3.85 \u00b5g\/mg; 3.13\u20134.46, p &lt; 0.0054) and CON dogs (2.8 \u00b5g\/mg; 1.64\u20134.88, p &lt; 0.0089). CS activity was comparable between disease groups. In conclusion, dogs with CHF due to MMVD had reduced myocardial Q10 concentrations. Studies evaluating antioxidant defense mechanisms as a therapeutic target for treatment of CHF in dogs are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T11:13:53Z","timestamp":1611314033000},"page":"161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Depleted Myocardial Coenzyme Q10 in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Congestive Heart Failure Due to Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4834-8482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liselotte B.","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7824-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Reimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6375-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Marie V.","family":"Schou-Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steen","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6514-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Lykkesfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisbeth H.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2007.02.006","article-title":"The antioxidant role of coenzyme Q","volume":"7","author":"Bentinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390902773037","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 contents in foods and fortification strategies","volume":"50","author":"Pravst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2007.03.003","article-title":"Plasma coenzyme Q10 response to oral ingestion of coenzyme Q10 formulations","volume":"7","author":"Bhagavan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2828(92)93381-S","article-title":"Ultrastructural quantitation of mitochondria and myofilaments in cardiac muscle from 10 different animal species including man","volume":"24","author":"Barth","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H346","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00227.2014","article-title":"Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle mitochondrial respiration: Are all mitochondria created equal?","volume":"307","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJP Hear. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.230185","article-title":"Biomarkers of mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle of healthy young human subjects","volume":"590","author":"Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-009-9211-0","article-title":"Mitochondria in the human heart","volume":"41","author":"Lemieux","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs172","article-title":"Decreased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity in the human heart with left ventricular systolic dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Stride","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.3.901","article-title":"Biochemical rationale and myocardial tissue data on the effective therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10","volume":"82","author":"Folkers","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235193","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 and key enzyme activities in papillary muscle related to left ventricle function in mitral valve disease","volume":"84","author":"Karlsson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"CD008684","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure","volume":"2014","author":"Madmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0628-9","article-title":"Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with cardiac failure: A meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"17","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2014.06.008","article-title":"The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: Results from Q-SYMBIO: A randomized double-blind trial","volume":"2","author":"Mortensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Hear. Fail."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"75","article-title":"Chronic valvular disease (endocardiosis) in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Buchanan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1965.tb49421.x","article-title":"The prevalence and types of cardiovascular disease in dogs","volume":"127","author":"Detweiler","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01803.x","article-title":"Heart disease as a cause of death in insured Swedish dogs younger than 10 years of age","volume":"20","author":"Egenvall","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"549","article-title":"Chronic valvular disease in the cavalier King Charles spaniel in Sweden","volume":"131","author":"Hansson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12114","article-title":"Left ventricular twist and circumferential strain in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"27","author":"Zois","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00842.x","article-title":"Heart rate, heart rate variability, and arrhythmias in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"26","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12290","article-title":"Holter monitoring of small breed dogs with advanced myxomatous mitral valve disease with and without a history of syncope","volume":"28","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.05.009","article-title":"Circulating cytokine concentrations in dogs with different degrees of myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"192","author":"Zois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12420","article-title":"Serotonin concentrations in platelets, plasma, mitral valve leaflet, and left ventricular myocardial tissue in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"28","author":"Cremer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.6.520","article-title":"Plasma and serum serotonin concentrations and surface-bound platelet serotonin expression in cavalier king charles spaniels with myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"76","author":"Cremer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.01017.x","article-title":"Radial and longitudinal strain and strain rate assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"26","author":"Zois","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1993.tb01015.x","article-title":"Recommendations for standards in transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat","volume":"7","author":"Thomas","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.01.001","article-title":"R-R interval variations influence the degree of mitral regurgitation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"199","author":"Reimann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14586","article-title":"Effect of pimobendan in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease and cardiomegaly: The EPIC study\u2014A randomized clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Boswood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15488","article-title":"ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Keene","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Fox, P.R. (1988). The Clinical Approach to Heart Disease: History and Physical Examination, Churchill Livingstone Inc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1994.55.05.698","article-title":"Plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide in relation to severity of mitral regurgitation in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels","volume":"55","author":"Hansson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"311","article-title":"Allometric scaling of M-mode cardiac measurements in normal adult dogs","volume":"18","author":"Cornell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Normal values of the canine M-mode echocardiogram","volume":"45","author":"Lombard","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0575.x","article-title":"Use of Simpson\u2019s method of disc to detect early echocardiographic changes in Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"24","author":"Wess","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02166.x","article-title":"Auscultation in mild mitral regurgitation in dogs: Observer variation, effects of physical maneuvers, and agreement with color Doppler echocardiography and phonocardiography","volume":"13","author":"Pedersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schou-Pedersen, A.M.V., Schemeth, D., and Lykkesfeldt, J. (2019). Determination of reduced and oxidized coenzyme Q10 in canine plasma and heart tissue by HPLC-ECD: Comparison with LC-MS\/MS quantification. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080253"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(69)13005-0","article-title":"[1] Citrate synthase: [EC 4.1.3.7. Citrate oxaloacetate-lyase (CoA-acetylating)]","volume":"13","author":"Srere","year":"1969","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520320124","article-title":"Safety assessment of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)","volume":"32","author":"Hidaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2005.12.002","article-title":"Safety assessment of coenzyme Q10 (Kaneka Q10) in healthy subjects: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Ikematsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581811425256","article-title":"Oral repeated-dose toxicity studies of coenzyme Q10 in beagle dogs","volume":"31","author":"Beal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S1328-0163(98)90022-7","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 in cardiovascular disease with emphasis on heart failure and myocardial ischaemia","volume":"7","author":"Langsjoen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Hear J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(97)00042-3","article-title":"Treatment of congestive heart failure with coenzyme Q10 illuminated by meta-analyses of clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Soja","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.040741","article-title":"Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on heart failure: A meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Fotino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E449","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00127.2016","article-title":"Posttranslational modifications and dysfunction of mitochondrial enzymes in human heart failure","volume":"311","author":"Sheeran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02600-1","article-title":"Dysfunction of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I in human failing myocardium is not due to disturbed mitochondrial gene expression","volume":"40","author":"Scheubel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1999.00468.x","article-title":"Energetics and function of the failing human heart with dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"29","author":"Kalsi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9164(00)00011-7","article-title":"Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"6","author":"Quigley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.812099","article-title":"Control by circulating factors of mitochondrial function and transcription cascade in heart failure","volume":"2","author":"Garnier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Hear Fail."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1988.tb08329.x","article-title":"Key enzymes of myocardial energy metabolism in patients with valvular heart disease: Relation to left ventricular function","volume":"132","author":"Jansson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12178","article-title":"Mitochondria and ageing: Role in heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue","volume":"8","author":"Boengler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.017","article-title":"Impact of aging on mitochondrial function in cardiac and skeletal muscle","volume":"98","author":"Hepple","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H873","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00682.2015","article-title":"Myocyte repolarization modulates myocardial function in aging dogs","volume":"310","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Hear Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picard, M., Wright, K.J., Ritchie, D., Thomas, M.M., and Hepple, R.T. (2012). Mitochondrial function in permeabilized cardiomyocytes is largely preserved in the senescent rat myocardium. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043003"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picca, A., Sirago, G., Pesce, V., Lezza, A.M.S., Calvani, R., Bossola, M., Villani, E.R., Landi, F., Leeuwenburgh, C., and Bernabei, R. (2018). Administration of enalapril started late in life attenuates hypertrophy and oxidative stress burden, increases mitochondrial mass, and modulates mitochondrial quality control signaling in the rat heart. Biomolecules, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201809.0234.v1"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2004.04.003","article-title":"Age-related changes in plasma coenzyme Q10 concentrations and redox state in apparently healthy children and adults","volume":"347","author":"Miles","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37636-7","article-title":"Measurement of the ratio between the reduced and oxidized forms of coenzyme Qlo in human plasma as a possible marker of oxidative stress","volume":"37","author":"Lagendijk","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(92)90511-T","article-title":"Distribution and redox state of ubiquinones in rat and human tissues","volume":"295","author":"Appelkvist","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00554.2011","article-title":"Oxidative stress and heart failure","volume":"301","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Hear Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12425","article-title":"Biopterin status in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease is associated with disease severity and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"28","author":"Reimann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-018-0353-6","article-title":"The effect of statin treatment on circulating coenzyme Q10 concentrations: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"23","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8931","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.22.8931","article-title":"Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in humans","volume":"87","author":"Folkers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2005.03.006","article-title":"High-dose statins and skeletal muscle metabolism in humans: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Paiva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8928","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.22.8928","article-title":"Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in rats","volume":"87","author":"Willis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13663","article-title":"Breeding restrictions decrease the prevalence of myxomatous mitral valve disease in cavalier king charles spaniels over an 8- to 10-year period","volume":"30","author":"Reimann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christiansen, L.B., Morsing, M.K., Reimann, M.J., Martinussen, T., Birlie, Z., Schou-Pedersen, A.M.V., Lykkesfeldt, J., and Olsen, L.H. (2020). Pharmacokinetics of repeated oral dosing with coenzyme Q10 in cavalier king charles spaniels with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090827"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/2\/161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:13:58Z","timestamp":1760159638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/2\/161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox10020161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10020161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3921"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]}}}