{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:53:35Z","timestamp":1767707615544,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fomes fomentarius, usually referred to as tinder conk, is a common wood-based fungus rich in many interesting phytochemicals and with an unique porous structure. Dry or wet ball milling of this sponge on a planetary mill results in small particles with sizes in the range of 10 \u00b5m or below. Suspended in water and without preservatives or other stabilizers, the resulting micro-suspensions are sterile for around six days, probably due to the increased temperatures of around 80 \u00b0C especially during the wet milling process. The suspensions also exhibit excellent antioxidant activities as determined in the DPPH, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and 2,2\u2032-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. In the DPPH assay, IC50 values of 0.02\u20130.04% w\/v and 0.04% w\/v were observed for dry and wet milled samples, respectively. In the FRAP assay, IC50 values of &lt;0.02% w\/v and 0.04% w\/v were observed for dry and wet milled samples, respectively. In contrast, the ABTS assay provided IC50 values of 0.04% w\/v and 0.005% w\/v, respectively. Notably, this activity is mostly\u2014albeit not exclusively\u2014associated with the highly porous particles and their large surfaces, although some active ingredients also diffuse into the surrounding aqueous medium. Such suspensions of natural particles carrying otherwise insoluble antioxidants on their surfaces provide an interesting avenue to unleash the antioxidant potential of materials such as sponges and barks. As dry milling also enables longer storage and transport, applications in the fields of medicine, nutrition, agriculture, materials and cosmetics are feasible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T22:13:38Z","timestamp":1613513618000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Unleashing the Biological Potential of Fomes fomentarius via Dry and Wet Milling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0646-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Karim","family":"Darkal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2202-1446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mhd Mouayad","family":"Zuraik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Ney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2911-2607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhmmad Jawad","family":"Nasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6288-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D.-P., Li, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, J.-J., and Li, H.-B. (2017). Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: Extraction, assessment and resources. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010096"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aam, E., Mirghani, M.E.S., Kh, M., Na, K., and Mz, A. (2018). Challenges of extraction techniques of natural antioxidants and their potential application opportunities as anti-cancer agents. Health Sci. J., 12.","DOI":"10.21767\/1791-809X.1000596"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xiao, Y., Wang, P., and Liu, Q. (2014). Compositions and anti-tumor activity of pyropolyporus fomentarius petroleum ether fraction In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109599"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowacka, N., Nowak, R., Drozd, M., Olech, M., Los, R., and Malm, A. (2015). Antibacterial, antiradical potential and phenolic compounds of thirty-one polish mushrooms. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140355"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5941\/MYCO.2015.43.3.319","article-title":"Methyl 9-Oxo-(10E,12E)-Octadecadienoate isolated from fomes fomentarius attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response by blocking phosphorylation of STAT3 in murine macrophages","volume":"43","author":"Choe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycobiology"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Elkhateeb, W.A., Elnahas, M.O., Paul, W., and Daba, T.G.M. (2020). Fomes fomentarius and polyporus squamosus models of marvel medicinal mushrooms. Biomed. Res. Rev., 3."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maljuri\u0107, N., Golubovi\u0107, J., Ravnikar, M., \u017digon, D., \u0160trukelj, B., and Ota\u0161evi\u0107, B. (2018). Isolation and determination of fomentariol: Novel potential antidiabetic drug from fungal material. J. Anal. Meth. Chem., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2434691"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nanosizing Nigella: A cool alternative to liberate biological activity","volume":"1","author":"Vaso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Upcycling culinary organic waste: Production of plant particles from potato and carrot peels to improve antioxidative capacity","volume":"1","author":"Yassin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffin, S., Tittikpina, N.K., Al-Marby, A., Alkhayer, R., Denezhkin, P., Witek, K., Gbogbo, K.A., Batawila, K., Duval, R.E., and Nasim, M.J. (2016). Turning waste into value: Nanosized natural plant materials of Solanum incanum, L. and Pterocarpus erinaceus poir with promising antimicrobial activities. Pharmaceutics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics8020011"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.3852\/12-336","article-title":"Phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization of fomes fasciatus and fomes fomentarius in the United States","volume":"105","author":"McCormick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i10.10","article-title":"Medicinal value and taxonomy of the tinder polypore, fomes fomentarius (Agaricomycetes): A review","volume":"18","author":"Pristas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.04.030","article-title":"European medicinal polypores-a modern view on traditional uses","volume":"154","author":"Grienke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Mandal, S.C., Chakraborty, R., and Sen, S. (2021). Phytochemicals and Investigations on Traditionally Used Medicinal Mushrooms. Evidence Based Validation of Traditional Medicines: A Comprehensive Approach, Springer."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.30.717","article-title":"Applicability of the DPPH assay for evaluating the antioxidant capacity of food additives-inter-laboratory evaluation study","volume":"30","author":"Shimamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"430","article-title":"In-Vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial potential of greensynthesized silver nanoparticles using prosopis farcta fruit extract","volume":"18","author":"Salari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"162","article-title":"Preliminary phytochemical and biological study of Cirsium ehrenbergii","volume":"50","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. West. Pharm. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"11","article-title":"Antidepressant activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus spinosus","volume":"5","author":"Lakshman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abere, T.A., Okoto, P.E., and Agoreyo, F.O. (2010). Antidiarrhoea and Toxicological evaluation of the leaf extract of dissotis rotundifolia triana (Melastomataceae). BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-10-71"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.100360","article-title":"Salkowski\u2019s reagent test as a primary screening index for functionalities of rhizobacteria isolated from wild dipterocarp saplings growing naturally on medium-strongly acidic tropical peat soil","volume":"74","author":"Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aasci.2016.07.001","article-title":"Induction and catabolite repression of cellulase and xylanase synthesis in the selected white-rot basidiomycetes","volume":"14","author":"Kobakhidze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Agrar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushr.v13.i1.20","article-title":"Anti-infective properties of the melanin-glucan complex obtained from medicinal tinder bracket mushroom, Fomes fomentarius (L.: Fr.) Fr. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)","volume":"13","author":"Seniuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00035-14","article-title":"Plant-polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from basidiomycetes","volume":"78","author":"Rytioja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fascinating vital mushrooms. Tinder fungus (Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr.) as a dietary supplement","volume":"6","author":"Kalitukha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Stud. Sci. Eng. Tech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilyasov, I.R., Beloborodov, V.L., Selivanova, I.A., and Terekhov, R.P. (2020). ABTS\/PP decolorization assay of antioxidant capacity reaction pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031131"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.12.084","article-title":"No time to waste organic waste: Nanosizing converts remains of food processing into refined materials","volume":"210","author":"Griffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarfraz, M., Griffin, S., Gabour Sad, T., Alhasan, R., Nasim, M.J., Irfan Masood, M., Sch\u00e4fer, K.H., Ejike, C.E.C.C., Keck, C.M., and Jacob, C. (2018). Milling the Mistletoe: Nanotechnological conversion of african Mistletoe (Loranthus micranthus) intoantimicrobial materials. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7040060"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.02.001","article-title":"Natural Selenium particles from Staphylococcus carnosus: Hazards or Particles with particular promise?","volume":"324","author":"Estevam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffin, S., Sarfraz, M., Hartmann, S.F., Pinnapireddy, S.R., Nasim, M.J., Bakowsky, U., Keck, C.M., and Jacob, C. (2018). Resuspendable powders of lyophilized chalcogen particles with activity against microorganisms. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7020023"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incredible edible Selenium nanoparticles produced by food-grade microorganisms","volume":"1","author":"Nasim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.03.008","article-title":"Characterization, Refining and antioxidant activity of saccharides derived from Hemicelluloses of wood and rice husks","volume":"141","author":"Rivas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.11.163","article-title":"In Vitro anti-oxidant activity of xylo-oligosaccharides derived from cereal and millet brans\u2014A comparative study","volume":"126","author":"Veenashri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"256","article-title":"Analysis of dissolution data using modified versions of noyes-whitney equation and the weibull function","volume":"23","author":"Dokoumetzidis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.08.017","article-title":"Dissolution process analysis using model-free noyes-whitney integral equation","volume":"102","author":"Hattori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.11.042","article-title":"Predicted Amorphous solubility and dissolution rate advantages following moisture sorption: Case studies of indomethacin and felodipine","volume":"555","author":"Skrdla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abraham, A.M., Alnemari, R.M., Jacob, C., and Keck, C.M. (2020). PlantCrystals-nanosized plant material for improved bioefficacy of medical plants. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13194368"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2007.B0831","article-title":"Analysis of both chitinase and chitosanase produced by Sphingomonas Sp. CJ-5","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2003.11.011","article-title":"A reliable reducing end assay for chito-oligosaccharides","volume":"56","author":"Eijsink","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-O., Lee, M.-H., Lee, K.-R., Lee, E.-O., and Lee, H.-J. (2019). Fomes fomentarius ethanol extract exerts inhibition of cell growth and motility induction of apoptosis via targeting AKT in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051147"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-014-0093-0","article-title":"Fungal strain matters: Colony growth and bioactivity of the european medicinal polypores fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola and Piptoporus betulinus","volume":"5","author":"Dresch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Amb Express"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berber-Villamar, N.K., Netzahuatl-Mu\u00f1oz, A.R., Morales-Barrera, L., Ch\u00e1vez-Camarillo, G.M., Flores-Ortiz, C.M., and Cristiani-Urbina, E. (2018). Corncob as an effective, eco-friendly, and economic biosorbent for removing the Azo Dye Direct yellow 27 from Aqueous solutions. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196428"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2016.120","article-title":"Preparation of activated carbon from corn cob and its adsorption behavior on Cr(VI) removal","volume":"73","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2014.01.005","article-title":"Removal of copper ions from electroplating effluent solutions with native corn cob and corn stalk and chemically modified corn stalk","volume":"2","author":"Vafakhah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/2\/303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:24:55Z","timestamp":1760160295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/2\/303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox10020303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10020303","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3921"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]}}}