{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:05:39Z","timestamp":1788930339413,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006570","name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIC-UMSNH-2020-RMP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIC-UMSNH-2020-RMP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006570","name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIC-UdeG-2020-ESD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIC-UdeG-2020-ESD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) constitutes one of the public health problems today. It is characterized by hyperglycemia through a defect in the \u03b2-cells function and\/or decreased insulin sensitivity. Apocynin has been tasted acting directly as an NADPH oxidase inhibitor and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, exhibiting beneficial effects against diabetic complications. Hence, the present study\u2019s goal was to dissect the possible mechanisms by which apocynin could mediate its cardioprotective effect against DM-induced oxidative stress. Male Wistar rats were assigned into 4 groups: Control (C), control + apocynin (C+A), diabetes (D), diabetes + apocynin (D+A). DM was induced with streptozotocin. Apocynin treatment (3 mg\/kg\/day) was applied for 5 weeks. Treatment significantly decreased blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in diabetic rats. In cardiac tissue, ROS levels were higher, and catalase enzyme activity was reduced in the D group compared to the C group; the apocynin treatment significantly attenuated these responses. In heart mitochondria, Complexes I and II of the electron transport chain (ETC) were significantly enhanced in the D+A group. Total glutathione, the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the GSH\/ oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio were increased in the D+A group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were without change. Apocynin enhances glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity, preserving the antioxidant defense and mitochondrial function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T20:53:21Z","timestamp":1614200001000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of Apocynin on Heart Muscle Oxidative Stress of Rats with Experimental Diabetes: Implications for Mitochondria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5802-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Bravo-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Francisco J. M\u00fagica S\/N, Col. Felicitas del R\u00edo, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donovan","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Francisco J. M\u00fagica S\/N, Col. Felicitas del R\u00edo, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarai","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Francisco J. M\u00fagica S\/N, Col. Felicitas del R\u00edo, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Saavedra-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Francisco J. M\u00fagica S\/N, Col. Felicitas del R\u00edo, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7089-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Le\u00f3n, Eugenio Garza Sada 572, Lomas del Campestre Secci\u00f3n 2, Le\u00f3n 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Montoya-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Francisco J. M\u00fagica S\/N, Col. Felicitas del R\u00edo, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0657-9","article-title":"Influence of apocynin on cardiac remodeling in rats withstreptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Gimenes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2017). American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2017. Abridged for Primary Care Providers. Clin. 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