{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:26:19Z","timestamp":1790270779337,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u201cImpact Biomolecules\u201d project of the \u201cLorraine Universit\u00e9 d'Excellence\u201d (Investissements d\u2019avenir"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cImpact Biomolecules\u201d project of the \u201cLorraine Universit\u00e9 d'Excellence\u201d (Investissements d\u2019avenir"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006513","name":"VINCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Universit\u00e9 Franco Italienne Project no. C2-796 - 2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Universit\u00e9 Franco Italienne Project no. C2-796 - 2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006513","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008385","name":"Fondazione per la Ricerca sulla Fibrosi Cistica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Multiannual projects"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Multiannual projects"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007514","name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRA 2018 funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRA 2018 funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monocytes\/macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) are the main cell types implicated in atherosclerosis development, and unlike other mature cell types, both retain a remarkable plasticity. In mature vessels, differentiated vSMCs control the vascular tone and the blood pressure. In response to vascular injury and modifications of the local environment (inflammation, oxidative stress), vSMCs switch from a contractile to a secretory phenotype and also display macrophagic markers expression and a macrophagic behaviour. Endothelial dysfunction promotes adhesion to the endothelium of monocytes, which infiltrate the sub-endothelium and differentiate into macrophages. The latter become polarised into M1 (pro-inflammatory), M2 (anti-inflammatory) or Mox macrophages (oxidative stress phenotype). Both monocyte-derived macrophages and macrophage-like vSMCs are able to internalise and accumulate oxLDL, leading to formation of \u201cfoam cells\u201d within atherosclerotic plaques. Variations in the levels of nitric oxide (NO) can affect several of the molecular pathways implicated in the described phenomena. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms could help to identify novel specific therapeutic targets, but to date much remains to be explored. The present article is an overview of the different factors and signalling pathways implicated in plaque formation and of the effects of NO on the molecular steps of the phenotypic switch of macrophages and vSMCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T06:59:42Z","timestamp":1616741982000},"page":"516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Phenotypic Modulation of Macrophages and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerosis\u2014Nitro-Redox Interconnections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Justine","family":"Bonetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITHEFOR, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3851-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Corti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Lerouge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITHEFOR, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6435-9325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Pompella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0886-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Gaucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITHEFOR, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). 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