{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T05:53:28Z","timestamp":1785736408314,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-2018-01-8938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2018-01-8938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gastrointestinal system may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of the insulin-resistant brain state (IRBS) and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Gastrointestinal hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is being explored as a potential therapy as activation of brain GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) exerts neuroprotection and controls peripheral metabolism. Intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (STZ-icv) is used to model IRBS and GLP-1 dyshomeostasis seems to be involved in the development of neuropathological changes. The aim was to explore (i) gastrointestinal homeostasis in the STZ-icv model (ii) assess whether the brain GLP-1 is involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal redox homeostasis and (iii) analyze whether brain-gut GLP-1 axis is functional in the STZ-icv animals. Acute intracerebroventricular treatment with exendin-3(9-39)amide was used for pharmacological inhibition of brain GLP-1R in the control and STZ-icv rats, and oxidative stress was assessed in plasma, duodenum and ileum. Acute inhibition of brain GLP-1R increased plasma oxidative stress. TBARS were increased, and low molecular weight thiols (LMWT), protein sulfhydryls (SH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were decreased in the duodenum, but not in the ileum of the controls. In the STZ-icv, TBARS and CAT were increased, LMWT and SH were decreased at baseline, and no further increment of oxidative stress was observed upon central GLP-1R inhibition. The presented results indicate that (i) oxidative stress is increased in the duodenum of the STZ-icv rat model of AD, (ii) brain GLP-1R signaling is involved in systemic redox regulation, (iii) brain-gut GLP-1 axis regulates duodenal, but not ileal redox homeostasis, and iv) brain-gut GLP-1 axis is dysfunctional in the STZ-icv model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T22:25:31Z","timestamp":1626215131000},"page":"1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Failure of the Brain Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-Mediated Control of Intestinal Redox Homeostasis in a Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1508-3243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Homolak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7385-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Babic Perhoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8011-2034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Knezovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Osmanovic Barilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melita","family":"Salkovic-Petrisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988710383571","article-title":"Genetics of Alzheimer Disease","volume":"23","author":"Bekris","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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