{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:02:41Z","timestamp":1790935361133,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":367,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are a class of polyphenolic compounds that are attracting considerable interest in the nutraceutical field due to their potential health benefits. However, knowledge about the chemistry, biosynthesis, and distribution of PACs is limited. This review summarizes the main chemical characteristics and biosynthetic pathways and the main analytical methods aimed at their identification and quantification in raw plant matrices. Furthermore, meta-analytic approaches were used to identify the main plant sources in which PACs were contained and to investigate their potential effect on human health. In particular, a cluster analysis identified PACs in 35 different plant families and 60 different plant parts normally consumed in the human diet. On the other hand, a literature search, coupled with forest plot analyses, highlighted how PACs can be actively involved in both local and systemic effects. Finally, the potential mechanisms of action through which PACs may impact human health were investigated, focusing on their systemic hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects and their local anti-inflammatory actions on the intestinal epithelium. Overall, this review may be considered a complete report in which chemical, biosynthetic, ecological, and pharmacological aspects of PACs are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T12:59:24Z","timestamp":1627649964000},"page":"1229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Proanthocyanidins and Where to Find Them: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Investigate Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Distribution, and Effect on Human Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0047-978X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mannino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15\/A, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Chinig\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graziella","family":"Serio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7824-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tullio","family":"Genova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5861-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9247-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Munaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2919-0445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia Margherita","family":"Bertea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15\/A, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2001). The World Health Report 2001: Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vigliante, I., Mannino, G., and Maffei, M.E. (2019). Chemical Characterization and DNA Fingerprinting of Griffonia simplicifolia Baill. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061032"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannino, G., Iovino, P., Lauria, A., Genova, T., Asteggiano, A., Notarbartolo, M., Porcu, A., Serio, G., Chinig, G., and Occhipinti, A. (2021). Bioactive Triterpenes of Protium heptaphyllum Gum Resin Extract Display Cholesterol-Lowering Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052664"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8761","DOI":"10.1021\/jf801566r","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and functional foods","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000743","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular risk: A science advisory from the American heart association","volume":"141","author":"Carson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, S. (2020). Dietary Bioactive Compounds and Human Health and Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020348"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201000044","article-title":"Plant polyphenols: Chemical properties, biological activities, and synthesis","volume":"50","author":"Quideau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chemie Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ky, I., Le Floch, A., Zeng, L., Pechamat, L., Jourdes, M., and Teissedre, P.L. (2015). Tannins. Encycl. Food Health, 247\u2013255.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384947-2.00683-8"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062533i","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Sicilian pistachio (Pistacia vera L. Var. Bronte) nut extract and its bioactive components","volume":"55","author":"Gentile","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103508","article-title":"OxiCyan\u00ae, a phytocomplex of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and spirulina (Spirulina platensis), exerts both direct antioxidant activity and modulation of ARE\/Nrf2 pathway in HepG2 cells","volume":"61","author":"Vigliante","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, A.A., El-Zik, K.M., and Thaxton, P.M. (1992). Chemistry, biological significance, and genetic control of proanthocyanidins in cotton (Gossypium spp.). Plant Polyphenols, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3476-1_32"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, D., van Rensburg, H., Malan, E., Coetzee, J., and Nel, R.J.J. (1999). Recent advances in the chemistry of proanthocyanidins. Phytochem. Hum. Health Prot. Nutr. Plant Def., 255\u2013288.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4689-4_10"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter, L.J. (1988). Flavans and proanthocyanidins. The Flavonoids, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2913-6_2"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(02)00208-5","article-title":"Flavonoid antioxidants: Chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships","volume":"13","author":"Heim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannino, G., Gentile, C., Ertani, A., Serio, G., and Bertea, C.M. (2021). Anthocyanins: Biosynthesis, Distribution, Ecological Role, and Use of Biostimulants to Increase Their Content in Plant Foods\u2014A Review. Agriculture, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11030212"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2005.01.008","article-title":"Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis\u2013still more questions than answers?","volume":"66","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9882","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b02950","article-title":"Molecular controls of proanthocyanidin synthesis and structure: Prospects for genetic engineering in crop plants","volume":"66","author":"Constabel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0292-9","article-title":"Proanthocyanidin subunit composition determined by functionally diverged dioxygenases","volume":"4","author":"Jun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.155432","article-title":"The mysteries of proanthocyanidin transport and polymerization","volume":"153","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.5b00646","article-title":"Total Synthesis of Proanthocyanidin A1, A2, and Their Stereoisomers","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Xu, J., Gong, X., Yang, M., Zhang, C., and Li, M. (2019). Biosynthesis, chemistry, and pharmacology of polyphenols from Chinese Salvia species: A review. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010155"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.50.1.473","article-title":"The shikimate pathway","volume":"50","author":"Herrmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31647","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302783200","article-title":"Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in plants: Purification of legume leucoanthocyanidin reductase and molecular cloning of its cDNA","volume":"278","author":"Tanner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00076","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis identifies two ethylene response factors that regulate proanthocyanidin biosynthesis during Malus Crabapple fruit development","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.107.1.7","article-title":"The shikimate pathway as an entry to aromatic secondary metabolism","volume":"107","author":"Herrmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, V., Wang, Z., Wei, C., Amo, A., Ahmed, B., Yang, X., and Zhang, X. (2020). Phenylpropanoid pathway engineering: An emerging approach towards plant defense. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040312"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"377","article-title":"Flavonoid biosynthesis:\u2018new\u2019functions for an \u2018old\u2019pathway","volume":"1","author":"Shirley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01610","article-title":"The phenylpropanoid case\u2013it is transport that matters","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules13102674","article-title":"Biosynthesis and genetic regulation of proanthocyanidins in plants","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108999","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins: A comprehensive review","volume":"116","author":"Rauf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, E.-G., Yun, S., Park, J.-R., and Kim, K.-M. (2021). Identification of F3H, Major Secondary Metabolite-Related Gene That Confers Resistance against Whitebacked Planthopper through QTL Mapping in Rice. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10010081"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2298\/GENSR1901093S","article-title":"Sequence analysis of flavanone 3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase genes in wheat with nonstandard coloured caryopses","volume":"51","author":"Trojan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genetika"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-017-1190-4","article-title":"The factors affecting the evolution of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes in monocot and dicot plant species","volume":"17","author":"Shoeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Differential roles for VviGST1, VviGST3, and VviGST4 in proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin transport in Vitis vinifera","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Proanthocyanidin accumulation and transcriptional responses in the seed coat of cranberry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with different susceptibility to postharvest darkening","volume":"17","author":"Coutin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.11.006","article-title":"The \u2018ins\u2019 and \u2018outs\u2019 of flavonoid transport","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.06.007","article-title":"Flavonoid transport mechanisms: How to go, and with whom","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.107.105064","article-title":"A trafficking pathway for anthocyanins overlaps with the endoplasmic reticulum-to-vacuole protein-sorting route in Arabidopsis and contributes to the formation of vacuolar inclusions","volume":"145","author":"Poustka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2016.03.031","article-title":"TTG2 controls the developmental regulation of seed coat tannins in Arabidopsis by regulating vacuolar transport steps in the proanthocyanidin pathway","volume":"419","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13422","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.23.13422","article-title":"Role of Oxidants and Antioxidants in the Induction of AP-1, NF-\u03baB, and Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Expression*","volume":"271","author":"Pinkus","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"5","article-title":"Changes in antioxidants and kinetics of glutathione-S-transferase of maize in response to isoproturon treatment","volume":"142","author":"Alla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst. Int. J. Deal. Asp. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.182","article-title":"A role for leucoanthocyanidin reductase in the extension of proanthocyanidins","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14515","article-title":"Functional demonstration of plant flavonoid carbocations proposed to be involved in the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, D., Huang, T., Tian, B., and Zhan, J. (2020). Advances in Biosynthesis and Biological Functions of Proanthocyanidins in Horticultural Plants. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9121774"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpz005","article-title":"Condensed tannins: Arbiters of abiotic stress tolerance?","volume":"39","author":"Harding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s12374-016-0510-9","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins accelerate the germination of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds","volume":"59","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00836","article-title":"A Biostimulant Seed Treatment Improved Heat Stress Tolerance during Cucumber Seed Germination by Acting on the Antioxidant System and Glyoxylate Cycle","volume":"11","author":"Campobenedetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4690","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4690","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins in seed coat tegmen and endospermic cap inhibit seed germination in Sapium sebiferum","volume":"6","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr089","article-title":"Modulation of anti-oxidation ability by proanthocyanidins during germination of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds","volume":"5","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2012.01142.x","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins inhibit seed germination by maintaining a high level of abscisic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana F","volume":"54","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2010.06.026","article-title":"Plant aging and excess light enhance flavan-3-ol content in Cistus clusii","volume":"168","author":"Alegre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b06005","article-title":"Polyphenols Variation in Fruits of the Susceptible Strawberry Cultivar Alba during Ripening and upon Fungal Pathogen Interaction and Possible Involvement in Unripe Fruit Tolerance","volume":"64","author":"Nagpala","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2009.01994.x","article-title":"Developmental, genetic and environmental factors affect the expression of flavonoid genes, enzymes and metabolites in strawberry fruits","volume":"32","author":"Carbone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant. Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-014-2098-y","article-title":"Characterization of an apple TT2-type R2R3 MYB transcription factor functionally similar to the poplar proanthocyanidin regulator PtMYB134","volume":"240","author":"Gesell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-013-0367-4","article-title":"The effects of irradiance on the production of phenolic compounds and condensed tannins in Larix gmelinii needles","volume":"58","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpy143","article-title":"Condensed tannins are inducible antioxidants and protect hybrid poplar against oxidative stress","volume":"39","author":"Gourlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.139071","article-title":"The wound-, pathogen-, and ultraviolet B-responsive MYB134 gene encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that regulates proanthocyanidin synthesis in poplar","volume":"150","author":"Mellway","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05440-4","article-title":"Evaluating the influence of temperature on proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in developing grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"47","author":"Poudel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12142","article-title":"Impact of elevated temperature and water deficit on the chemical and sensory profiles of B arossa S hiraz grapes and wines","volume":"21","author":"Bonada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2018.07.027","article-title":"Effects of cold stress on transcripts and metabolites in tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)","volume":"155","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14050","article-title":"R2R3-MYB transcription factor Md MYB 23 is involved in the cold tolerance and proanthocyanidin accumulation in apple","volume":"96","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14013","article-title":"The proanthocyanidin-specific transcription factor Md MYBPA 1 initiates anthocyanin synthesis under low-temperature conditions in red-fleshed apples","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-016-0663-x","article-title":"Enhancement of stress tolerance in cucumber seedlings by proanthocyanidins","volume":"61","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79770-5","article-title":"The application of a biostimulant based on tannins affects root architecture and improves tolerance to salinity in tomato plants","volume":"11","author":"Campobenedetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2017.05.015","article-title":"Controlled water deficit during ripening affects proanthocyanidin synthesis, concentration and composition in Cabernet Sauvignon grape skins","volume":"117","author":"Talaverano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2011.02.003","article-title":"Effect of water deficit on Merlot grape tannins and anthocyanins across four seasons","volume":"128","author":"Bucchetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2004.tb00012.x","article-title":"Berry size and vine water deficits as factors in winegrape composition: Anthocyanins and tannins","volume":"10","author":"Roby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-018-0709-3","article-title":"Overexpression of the LoMYB29 gene of Larix olgensis contributes to the regulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.02.037","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing of Antarctic moss under salt stress emphasizes the important roles of the ROS-scavenging system","volume":"696","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, W., Kim, J.K., Jia, C., Yin, F., Kim, H.J., Akram, W., Hu, X., and Li, X. (2019). Comparative transcriptome and metabolic profiling analysis of buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) under salinity stress. Metabolites, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9100225"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-20-7-0816","article-title":"The transcriptional response of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoids) to infection by Melampsora medusae leaf rust involves induction of flavonoid pathway genes leading to the accumulation of proanthocyanidins","volume":"20","author":"Miranda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.17.00842","article-title":"Flavan-3-ols are an effective chemical defense against rust infection","volume":"175","author":"Ullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9133","DOI":"10.1021\/jf050853g","article-title":"Induction of resistance to gray mold with benzothiadiazole modifies amino acid profile and increases proanthocyanidins in grape: Primary versus secondary metabolism","volume":"53","author":"Iriti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01704","article-title":"Dual transcriptome and metabolic analysis of Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir berry and Botrytis cinerea during quiescence and egressed Infection","volume":"10","author":"Haile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-009-9511-6","article-title":"Flavonoid biosynthesis and degradation play a role in early defence responses of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) against biotic stress","volume":"125","author":"Hokkanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01131","article-title":"Transcriptome profiles of strawberry (Fragaria vesca) fruit interacting with Botrytis cinerea at different ripening stages","volume":"10","author":"Haile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err425","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of PtrLAR3, a gene encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase from Populus trichocarpa, and its constitutive expression enhances fungal resistance in transgenic plants","volume":"63","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3059.2010.02423.x","article-title":"Colletotrichum acutatum interactions with unripe and ripe strawberry fruits and differential responses at histological and transcriptional levels","volume":"60","author":"Guidarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-013-0350-8","article-title":"Gypsy Moth Caterpillar Feeding has Only a Marginal Impact on Phenolic Compounds in Old-Growth Black Poplar","volume":"39","author":"Boeckler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01458.x","article-title":"Molecular analysis of herbivore-induced condensed tannin synthesis: Cloning and expression of dihydroflavonol reductase from trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides)","volume":"32","author":"Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.13562","article-title":"Dissecting the transcriptional regulation of proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin biosynthesis in soybean (Glycine max)","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Kaur, I., and Kariyat, R. (2021). The Multifunctional Roles of Polyphenols in Plant-Herbivore Interactions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031442"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3966","article-title":"Multi-laboratory validation of a standard method for quantifying proanthocyanidins in cranberry powders","volume":"90","author":"Prior","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"255","article-title":"Rapid determination of tannins in tanning baths by adaptation of BSA method","volume":"91","author":"Molinari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Chim."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740610205","article-title":"Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methods","volume":"61","author":"Makkar","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gessner, M.O., and Steiner, D. (2005). Acid butanol assay for proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins). Methods to Study Litter Decomposition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3466-0_16"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemingway, R.W. (1989). Reactions at the interflavanoid bond of proanthocyanidins. Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannins, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7511-1_16"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(199811)78:3<405::AID-JSFA133>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"A rapid method for the measurement of Leucaena spp. proanthocyanidins by the proanthocyanidin (butanol\/HCl) assay","volume":"78","author":"Dalzell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(01)00228-0","article-title":"Analysis of condensed tannins: A review","volume":"91","author":"Schofield","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(99)00043-6","article-title":"Limitation of the butanol\u2013hydrochloric acid\u2013iron assay for bound condensed tannins","volume":"66","author":"Makkar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Pharmacopoeia, J. (2002). European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2015.04.010","article-title":"Isolation and quantification of oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins in leaves and flowers of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)","volume":"104","author":"Hellenbrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60219a031","article-title":"A critical evaluation of the vanillin reaction as an assay for tannin in sorghum grain","volume":"26","author":"Price","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4267","DOI":"10.1021\/jf980366j","article-title":"Critical Factors of Vanillin Assay for Catechins and Proanthocyanidins","volume":"46","author":"Sun","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Waterman, P.G., and Mole, S. (1994). Analysis of Phenolic Plant Metabolites, Blackwell Scientific."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/93.1.89","article-title":"Determination of total procyanidins in selected chocolate and confectionery products using DMAC","volume":"93","author":"Payne","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2019.01.010","article-title":"Chemical partitioning and DNA fingerprinting of some pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) varieties of different geographical origin","volume":"160","author":"Mannino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125515","article-title":"Phytochemical profile and antioxidative properties of Plinia trunciflora fruits: A new source of nutraceuticals","volume":"307","author":"Mannino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile, C., Mannino, G., Palazzolo, E., Gianguzzi, G., Perrone, A., Serio, G., and Farina, V. (2021). Pomological, Sensorial, Nutritional and Nutraceutical Profile of Seven Cultivars of Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill). Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10010035"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannino, G., Gentile, C., Porcu, A., Agliassa, C., Caradonna, F., and Bertea, C.M. (2020). Chemical Profile and Biological Activity of Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) and Atemoya (Annona atemoya) Leaves. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112612"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1418284","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins in cereals and pseudocereals","volume":"59","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.05.097","article-title":"Effect of training system and climate conditions on phytochemicals of Passiflora setacea, a wild Passiflora from Brazilian savannah","volume":"266","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12253","article-title":"Comparison of analytical methods for measuring proanthocyanidins in wines and their relationship with perceived astringency","volume":"48","author":"Canals","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4018","DOI":"10.1021\/jf404281n","article-title":"Changes in chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) polyphenols during juice processing and storage","volume":"62","author":"Wilkes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.04.042","article-title":"Jaboticaba pomace powder obtained as a co-product of juice extraction: A comparative study of powder obtained from peel and whole fruit","volume":"62","author":"Gurak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061823v","article-title":"Tandem mass spectrometry for sequencing proanthocyanidins","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9813642","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry analysis of proanthocyanidins in foods and beverages","volume":"47","author":"Lazarus","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"35","article-title":"Identification and quantitation of flavanols and proanthocyanidins in foods: How good are the datas?","volume":"12","author":"Kelm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2952","article-title":"Quantification of cranberry proanthocyanidins by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using relative response factors","volume":"31","author":"Sintara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morazzoni, P., Vanzani, P., Santinello, S., Gucciardi, A., Zennaro, L., Miotto, G., and Ursini, F. (2021). Grape Seeds Proanthocyanidins: Advanced Technological Preparation and Analytical Characterization. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030418"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1021\/jf991035p","article-title":"MALDI-TOF MS analysis of food flavonol glycosides","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY02681A","article-title":"Mass spectrometry approaches to ensure food safety","volume":"12","author":"Frenich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2009.03.035","article-title":"MALDI-TOF MS analysis of plant proanthocyanidins","volume":"51","author":"Monagas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127667","article-title":"Classification of proanthocyanidin profiles using matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) spectra data combined with multivariate analysis","volume":"336","author":"Krueger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannino, G., Di Stefano, V., Lauria, A., Pitonzo, R., and Gentile, C. (2020). Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry)-Based Dietary Supplements: Variation in Mass Uniformity, Proanthocyanidin Dosage and Anthocyanin Profile Demonstrates Quality Control Standard Needed. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040992"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14713","article-title":"Comparison of common analytical methods for the quantification of total polyphenols and flavanols in fruit juices and ciders","volume":"84","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7756","article-title":"Physicochemical variability of cambuci fruit (Campomanesia phaea) from the same orchard, from different locations and at different ripening stages","volume":"97","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3233\/JBR-170150","article-title":"Polyphenol characterization of three varieties of Blackberry fruits (Rubus adenotrichos), cultivated in Costa Rica","volume":"7","author":"Araya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Berry Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120480","article-title":"Identification of proanthocyanidins from litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pulp by LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and their antioxidant activity","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.10.101","article-title":"Simultaneous LC-MS quantification of anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin phenolics from blueberries with widely divergent profiles and biological activities","volume":"277","author":"Grace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6618","article-title":"Variation in proanthocyanidin content and composition among commonly grown North American cranberry cultivars (Vaccinium macrocarpon)","volume":"94","author":"Carpenter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.08.032","article-title":"Effects of latitude and weather conditions on proanthocyanidins in berries of Finnish wild and cultivated sea buckthorn (Hippopha\u00eb rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides)","volume":"216","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8581","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402449q","article-title":"Underutilized chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia prunifolia) accessions are rich sources of anthocyanins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and proanthocyanidins","volume":"61","author":"Taheri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-5-5","article-title":"Cacao seeds are a \u201cSuper Fruit\u201d: A comparative analysis of various fruit powders and products","volume":"5","author":"Crozier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.04.045","article-title":"Phenolic compounds, antiradical activity and antioxidant capacity of oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) extracts","volume":"41","author":"Baydar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1021\/jf403810y","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Content and Profile, Antioxidant Capacity and Anti-inflammatory Bioactivity in Wild Alaskan and Commercial Vaccinium Berries","volume":"62","author":"Grace","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154164","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/154164","article-title":"Impact of procyanidins from different berries on caspase 8 activation in colon cancer","volume":"2015","author":"Minker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemes, A., Szollosi, E., St\u00fcndl, L., Bir\u00f3, A., Homoki, J.R., Szarvas, M.M., Balogh, P., Czi\u00e1ky, Z., and Remenyik, J. (2018). Determination of flavonoid and proanthocyanidin profile of Hungarian sour cherry. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123278"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2012.02788.x","article-title":"Comparison of health-relevant flavonoids in commonly consumed cranberry products","volume":"77","author":"Grace","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9151","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3025453","article-title":"Growth-inhibitory effects of pigmented rice bran extracts and three red bran fractions against human cancer cells: Relationships with composition and antioxidative activities","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of the nutraceutical garlic derivative allicin in the progression of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"19","author":"Reyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.05.038","article-title":"Nutritional and antioxidant properties of Geoffroea decorticans, an Argentinean fruit, and derived products (flour, arrope, decoction and hydroalcoholic beverage)","volume":"54","author":"Costamagna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.05.074","article-title":"Frozen pulp extracts of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia McVaugh) attenuate the hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation of Type 1 diabetic rats","volume":"64","author":"Curi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.04.028","article-title":"Phenolic and tocopherol content of autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellate) berries","volume":"16","author":"Pei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9871","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04156","article-title":"Role of Flavonols and Proanthocyanidins in the Sensory Quality of Sea Buckthorn (Hippopha\u00eb rhamnoides L.) Berries","volume":"65","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2017.07.002","article-title":"Physico-chemical parameters and proanthocyanidin profiles of cranberries cultivated in New Zealand","volume":"63","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b01451","article-title":"Composition of Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins in Three Tropical Vaccinium Species from Costa Rica","volume":"68","author":"Krueger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100617","article-title":"Characterization and bioactivity of proanthocyanidins during Malay cherry (Lepisanthes alata) fruit ripening","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14038","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b06031","article-title":"Effects of Latitude and Weather Conditions on Proanthocyanidins in Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) of Finnish Commercial Cultivars","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.07.024","article-title":"Characterization of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in two strawberry genotypes during fruit development in response to different light qualities","volume":"186","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.06.007","article-title":"Efficient extraction of proanthocyanidin from Ginkgo biloba leaves employing rationally designed deep eutectic solvent-water mixture and evaluation of the antioxidant activity","volume":"158","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.01.002","article-title":"Composition and inhibitory activities towards digestive enzymes of polyphenolic-rich fractions of Davidson\u2019s plum and quandong","volume":"57","author":"Sakulnarmrat","year":"2014","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.02.003","article-title":"LC-MS characterization of bioactive metabolites from two Yemeni Aloe spp. with antioxidant and antidiabetic properties","volume":"13","author":"Aldayel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.06.027","article-title":"Separation and characterization of phenolic compounds from dry-blanched peanut skins by liquid chromatography\u2013electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"1356","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Siah, S.D. (2012). Health Benefits of Australian Grown Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.): Effects of Food Processing. [P.h.D. Thesis, Charles Sturt University (Bathurst)]."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3136\/nskkk.60.301","article-title":"4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC) method for determination of total proanthocyanidin content in grain legumes","volume":"60","author":"Oki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi J. Jpn. Soc. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10459","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b04781","article-title":"Characterization of phenolic compounds and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from mamuyo (Styrax ramirezii Greenm.) fruit","volume":"63","author":"Timmers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.03.006","article-title":"Investigation of the antioxidant capacity and phenolic constituents of US pecans","volume":"15","author":"Robbins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00205-6","article-title":"Absorption and metabolism of polyphenols in the gut and impact on health. 2002, 56, 276\u2013282","volume":"56","author":"Scalbert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1089\/152308601317203558","article-title":"Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins: Gastrointestinal tract influences and their relevance to bioactive forms in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Spencer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Cao, H., and Xiao, J. (2018). Polyphenols: Absorption, Bioavailability, and Metabolomics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813572-3.00002-6"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO01244A","article-title":"The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of procyanidins","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061714","article-title":"Absorption and metabolism of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid in the small intestine of rats","volume":"96","author":"Lafay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.1.66","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans","volume":"131","author":"Olthof","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2012.06.013","article-title":"In vitro intestinal transport of oligomeric procyanidins (DP 2 to 4) across monolayers of Caco-2 cells","volume":"83","author":"Zumdick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, W., Wei, C., Shen, S., Wang, M., Chen, S., Ye, X., and Cao, Y. (2020). Mainly dimers and trimers of Chinese bayberry leaves proanthocyanidins (BLPs) are utilized by gut microbiota: In vitro digestion and fermentation coupled with caco-2 transportation. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010184"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2040912","article-title":"Transport of cranberry A-type procyanidin dimers, trimers, and tetramers across monolayers of human intestinal epithelial caco-2 cells","volume":"60","author":"Ou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.11.2733","article-title":"Polymeric proanthocyanidins are catabolized by human colonic microflora into low-molecular-weight phenolic acids","volume":"130","author":"Brezillon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1021\/np980243t","article-title":"Practical Polyphenolics:\u2009 From Structure to Molecular Recognition and Physiological Action by Edwin Haslam (University of Sheffield). Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 1998. xv + 422 pp. 17 \u00d7 24.5 cm. $100.00","volume":"61","author":"Hemingway","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128256","article-title":"Inhibition of starch digestion by flavonoids: Role of flavonoid-amylase binding kinetics","volume":"341","author":"Bordenave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01539A","article-title":"Interactions of flavonoids with \u03b1-amylase and starch slowing down its digestion","volume":"9","author":"Takahama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.436","article-title":"Large procyanidins prevent bile-acid-induced oxidant production and membrane-initiated ERK1\/2, p38, and Akt activation in Caco-2 cells","volume":"52","author":"Jaggers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2008.01.024","article-title":"TNF\u03b1-induced NF-\u03baB activation and cell oxidant production are modulated by hexameric procyanidins in Caco-2 cells","volume":"476","author":"Erlejman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.07.002","article-title":"Procyanidins protect Caco-2 cells from bile acid-and oxidant-induced damage","volume":"41","author":"Erlejman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0760-6","article-title":"Sicilian pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) nut inhibits expression and release of inflammatory mediators and reverts the increase of paracellular permeability in IL-1\u03b2-exposed human intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"54","author":"Gentile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2749","article-title":"Decomposition of cocoa procyanidins in the gastric milieu","volume":"272","author":"Spencer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.5.1106","article-title":"Cocoa procyanidins are stable during gastric transit in humans","volume":"76","author":"Rios","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509992741","article-title":"Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"103","author":"Serra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400422","article-title":"Comparative biokinetics and metabolism of pure monomeric, dimeric, and polymeric flavan-3-ols: A randomized cross-over study in humans","volume":"59","author":"Wiese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.09.004","article-title":"Impact of in vitro simulated digestion on the potential health benefits of proanthocyanidins from Choerospondias axillaris peels","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.106765","article-title":"Procyanidin dimers A1, A2, and B2 are absorbed without conjugation or methylation from the small intestine of rats","volume":"139","author":"Appeldoorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-009-9455-3","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins and the risk of colorectal cancer in Italy","volume":"21","author":"Rossi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5570","article-title":"Grapes (Vitis vinifera) as a Potential Candidate for the Therapy of the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Akaberi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S214550","article-title":"Potential role of phytochemicals in metabolic syndrome prevention and therapy","volume":"12","author":"Spinella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes, Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez Campos, E., Jakobs, L., and Simon, M.C. (2020). Antidiabetic Effects of Flavan-3-ols and Their Microbial Metabolites. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061592"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(20000515)80:7<1094::AID-JSFA569>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like compounds\u2014Nature, occurrence, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health","volume":"80","author":"Scalbert","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.88","article-title":"A combination of isolated phytochemicals and botanical extracts lowers diastolic blood pressure in a randomized controlled trial of hypertensive subjects","volume":"70","author":"Biesinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00209A","article-title":"Effects of black tea on body composition and metabolic outcomes related to cardiovascular disease risk: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Croft","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.193060","article-title":"Benefits in cognitive function, blood pressure, and insulin resistance through cocoa flavanol consumption in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment: The cocoa, cognition, and aging (CoCoA) study","volume":"60","author":"Desideri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2018.1547626","article-title":"Impact of Acacia bark extract tablets on the skin of healthy humans: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"83","author":"Hoshino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.12.3215","article-title":"Cinnamon Improves Glucose and Lipids of People with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Khan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-2067-7","article-title":"Evaluation of pharmacodynamic properties and safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) in healthy adults: A phase I clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.53.174","article-title":"Beneficial effects of grape seed extract on malondialdehyde-modified LDL","volume":"53","author":"Sano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.125336","article-title":"Bioactives in blueberries improve insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant men and women","volume":"140","author":"Stull","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00993G","article-title":"Proanthocyanidin B2 attenuates postprandial blood glucose and its inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase: Analysis by kinetics, fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and molecular docking","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623879","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/623879","article-title":"Protective effect of proanthocyanidin against diabetic oxidative stress","volume":"2012","author":"Yokozawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy139","article-title":"Lack of acute or chronic effects of epicatechin-rich and procyanidin-rich apple extracts on blood pressure and cardiometabolic biomarkers in adults with moderately elevated blood pressure: A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial","volume":"108","author":"Hollands","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2005.04.003","article-title":"Protective effect of red grape seeds proanthocyanidins against induction of diabetes by alloxan in rats","volume":"52","author":"Ahmed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-10-51","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidins ameliorate pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and death in low-dose streptozotocin- and high-carbohydrate\/high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats partially by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119002234","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with grape seed procyanidins on nutrient utilisation and gut function in weaned piglets","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4985","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0764","article-title":"Grape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insulinomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell lines","volume":"145","author":"Pinent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.10.010","article-title":"Procyanidins modify insulinemia by affecting insulin production and degradation","volume":"23","author":"Blay","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00340C","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts ameliorate podocyte injury by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 coactivator 1\u03b1 in low-dose streptozotocin-and high-carbohydrate\/high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats","volume":"5","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2768","article-title":"Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on renal injury in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Zhu, Y., Liu, Z., Gao, Z., Li, B., Zhang, D., Zhang, Z., Jiang, X., Liu, Z., and Meng, L. (2015). Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ameliorates diabetic bladder dysfunction via the activation of the Nrf2 pathway. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126457"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2016.1154020","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts prevent hyperglycemia-induced monocyte adhesion to aortic endothelial cells and ameliorates vascular inflammation in high-carbohydrate\/high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0320-5","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and insulin prevents cognitive decline in type 1 diabetic rat by impacting Bcl-2 and Bax in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"34","author":"Sanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5205903","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5205903","article-title":"Protective Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins on the Kidneys of Diabetic Rats through the Nrf2 Signalling Pathway","volume":"2020","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12030","article-title":"High-polyphenol chocolate reduces endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress during acute transient hyperglycaemia in Type 2 diabetes: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Mellor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2018.28","article-title":"Cacao liquor procyanidins prevent postprandial hyperglycaemia by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 activity and AMP-activated protein kinase in mice","volume":"8","author":"Yamashita","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.01.007","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with cacao liquor proanthocyanidins prevents elevation of blood glucose levels in diabetic obese mice","volume":"23","author":"Tomaru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cacao liquor procyanidin extract improves glucose tolerance by enhancing GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle","volume":"1","author":"Yamashita","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58863-1","article-title":"Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice","volume":"10","author":"Daoust","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntemiri, A., Ghosh, T.S., Gheller, M.E., Tran, T.T.T., Blum, J.E., Pellanda, P., Vlckova, K., Neto, M.C., Howell, A., and Thalacker-Mercer, A. (2020). Whole blueberry and isolated polyphenol-rich fractions modulate specific gut microbes in an in vitro colon model and in a pilot study in human consumers. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092800"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17839","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c02759","article-title":"LC-Q-TOF-MS Characterization of Polyphenols from White Bayberry Fruit and Its Antidiabetic Effect in KK-AyMice","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.07.013","article-title":"Apple and blackcurrant polyphenol-rich drinks decrease postprandial glucose, insulin and incretin response to a high-carbohydrate meal in healthy men and women","volume":"49","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8985","DOI":"10.1021\/jf201471p","article-title":"A black soybean seed coat extract prevents obesity and glucose intolerance by up-regulating uncoupling proteins and down-regulating inflammatory cytokines in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"59","author":"Kanamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7781","DOI":"10.1021\/jf800639m","article-title":"Effects of proanthocyanidin preparations on hyperlipidemia and other biomarkers in mouse model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5908","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9286","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic activities of twig extract of indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) on high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats","volume":"98","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2019.11.003","article-title":"Hypoglycemic activity of extracts of Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana leaf in rats with hyperglycemia induced by high-fat diets and streptozotocin","volume":"10","author":"Hsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108461","article-title":"Carob fruit extract-enriched meat improves pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, hepatic insulin signaling and lipogenesis in late-stage type 2 diabetes mellitus model","volume":"84","author":"Merino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1314-x","article-title":"Consumption of a drink containing extruded sorghum reduces glycaemic response of the subsequent meal","volume":"57","author":"Queiroz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.-Y., Hsieh, Y.-H., Kumar, K.J.S., Hsieh, H.-W., Lin, C.-C., and Wang, S.-Y. (2020). The Regulatory Effects of a Formulation of Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh and Taiwanofungus camphoratus on Metabolic Syndrome and the Gut Microbiome. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9030383"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12211","article-title":"Enzogenol improves diabetes-related metabolic change in C57BL\/KsJ-db\/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"66","author":"Bang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, H., Xue, Y., Lu, X., Shao, Q., Cao, Y., Wu, Z., and Chen, G. (2018). The effects of different degrees of procyanidin polymerization on the nutrient absorption and digestive enzyme activity in mice. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23112916"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321347","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1321347","article-title":"Acute selective bioactivity of grape seed proanthocyanidins on enteroendocrine secretions in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"61","author":"Serrano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO02028G","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidins influence gut microbiota and enteroendocrine secretions in female rats","volume":"9","author":"Serrano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C485","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00355.2013","article-title":"Grape-seed procyanidins modulate cellular membrane potential and nutrient-induced GLP-1 secretion in STC-1 cells","volume":"306","author":"Blay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b01909","article-title":"Antidiabetic potential of purple and red rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran extracts","volume":"64","author":"Boue","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127505","article-title":"Role of nutraceutical starch and proanthocyanidins of pigmented rice in regulating hyperglycemia: Enzyme inhibition, enhanced glucose uptake and hepatic glucose homeostasis using in vitro model","volume":"335","author":"Krishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200678","article-title":"Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins from blueberry-blackberry fermented beverages inhibit markers of inflammation in macrophages and carbohydrate-utilizing enzymes in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.561379","article-title":"Advance in Dietary Polyphenols as \u03b1-Glucosidases Inhibitors: A Review on Structure-Activity Relationship Aspect","volume":"53","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.53.287","article-title":"Inhibitory Activities of Proanthocyanidins from Persimmon against Oxidative Stress and Digestive Enzymes Related to Diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.09.061","article-title":"Inhibition of \u03b1-amylase activity by condensed tannins","volume":"125","author":"Mateus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900194","article-title":"Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of green tea flavan-3-ols in humans with an ileostomy","volume":"54","author":"Stalmach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1445-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota functions: Metabolism of nutrients and other food components","volume":"57","author":"Rowland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607112463076","article-title":"Cranberry proanthocyanidins improve the gut mucous layer morphology and function in mice receiving elemental enteral nutrition","volume":"37","author":"Pierre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219451110","article-title":"Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity","volume":"110","author":"Everard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303839","article-title":"An increase in the Akkermansia spp. population induced by metformin treatment improves glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"63","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2016.0009","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: A novel functional microbe with probiotic properties","volume":"7","author":"Pohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1916","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols promote growth of the gut bacterium akkermansia muciniphila and attenuate high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Roopchand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307142","article-title":"A polyphenol-rich cranberry extract protects from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and intestinal inflammation in association with increased Akkermansia spp. population in the gut microbiota of mice","volume":"64","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31208","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31208","article-title":"Non-absorbable apple procyanidins prevent obesity associated with gut microbial and metabolomic changes","volume":"6","author":"Masumoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0331-y","article-title":"Dysbiosis, inflammation, and response to treatment: A longitudinal study of pediatric subjects with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Shaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b14-00813","article-title":"Bioconversion of (-)-epicatechin, (+)-epicatechin, (-)-catechin, and (+)-catechin by (-)-epigallocatechin-metabolizing bacteria","volume":"38","author":"Takagaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NP00062J","article-title":"Phenyl-\u03b3-valerolactones and phenylvaleric acids, the main colonic metabolites of flavan-3-ols: Synthesis, analysis, bioavailability, and bioactivity","volume":"36","author":"Mena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","article-title":"Obesity alters gut microbial ecology","volume":"102","author":"Ley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.155","article-title":"Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss","volume":"32","author":"Duncan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_240","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effect of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds on human fecal flora and fecal odor","volume":"13","author":"Yamakoshi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1039\/c0fo00132e","article-title":"Insights into the metabolism and microbial biotransformation of dietary flavan-3-ols and the bioactivity of their metabolites","volume":"1","author":"Monagas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2008.00976.x","article-title":"A combination of grape seed-derived procyanidins and gypenosides alleviates insulin resistance in mice and HepG2 cells","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.1021\/jf401190y","article-title":"Black soybean seed coat extract ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity via the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetic mice","volume":"61","author":"Kurimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.12.057","article-title":"Areca nut procyanidins ameliorate streptozocin-induced hyperglycemia by regulating gluconeogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200500","article-title":"Cocoa flavonoids improve insulin signalling and modulate glucose production via AKT and AMPK in HepG2 cells","volume":"57","author":"Bravo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30143","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702390200","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis through 5\u2032-AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"282","author":"Collins","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.11.014","article-title":"Cocoa flavonoids attenuate high glucose-induced insulin signalling blockade and modulate glucose uptake and production in human HepG2 cells","volume":"64","author":"Goya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.01.009","article-title":"Cocoa-rich diet ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance by modulating insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats","volume":"26","author":"Goya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-013-0210-x","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidins and metformin act by different mechanisms to promote insulin signaling in rats fed high calorie diet","volume":"8","author":"Yogalakshmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2558","article-title":"Role of free radical in atherosclerosis, diabetes and dyslipidaemia: Larger-than-life","volume":"31","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes. Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-200304000-00014","article-title":"Protective effects of epicatechin against the toxic effects of streptozotocin on rat pancreatic islets: In vivo and in vitro","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300291","article-title":"Cocoa flavonoid epicatechin protects pancreatic beta cell viability and function against oxidative stress","volume":"58","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.10.088","article-title":"Grape seed procyanidin extract modulates proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells","volume":"138","author":"Blay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharucha, B., Dwivedi, M., Laddha, N.C., Begum, R., Hardikar, A.A., and Ramachandran, A.V. (2011). Antioxidant rich flavonoids from Oreocnide integrifolia enhance glucose uptake and insulin secretion and protects pancreatic \u03b2-cells from streptozotocin insult. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-126"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.33.3.291","article-title":"Effects of epicatechin on rat islets of Langerhans","volume":"33","author":"Hii","year":"1984","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1021\/jf049018+","article-title":"Insulin secretion by bioactive anthocyanins and anthocyanidins present in fruits","volume":"53","author":"Jayaprakasam","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr105","article-title":"Effects of long-term cranberry supplementation on endocrine pancreas in aging rats","volume":"66A","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journals Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-007-1227-y","article-title":"Standardized biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols with effects on pancreatic beta-cell insulin secretion","volume":"77","author":"Chemler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.03.002","article-title":"Hydrolysis enhances bioavailability of proanthocyanidin-derived metabolites and improves \u03b2-cell function in glucose intolerant rats","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.042","article-title":"Pancreatic islet proteome profile in Zucker fatty rats chronically treated with a grape seed procyanidin extract","volume":"135","author":"Mohien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.04.047","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 transcriptionally regulates the expression of insulin-degrading enzyme in primary neurons","volume":"383","author":"Du","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802988","article-title":"Grape-seed derived procyanidins interfere with adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells at the onset of differentiation","volume":"29","author":"Pinent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2006.12.034","article-title":"Cinnamon extract and polyphenols affect the expression of tristetraprolin, insulin receptor, and glucose transporter 4 in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"459","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.02.003","article-title":"Oligomers of grape-seed procyanidin extract activate the insulin receptor and key targets of the insulin signaling pathway differently from insulin","volume":"21","author":"Montagut","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3450161","article-title":"The uncoupling protein homologues: UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, StUCP and AtUCP","volume":"345","author":"Ricquier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2009.10.003","article-title":"Green tea, black tea, and epigallocatechin modify body composition, improve glucose tolerance, and differentially alter metabolic gene expression in rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz282","article-title":"Two apples a day lower serum cholesterol and improve cardiometabolic biomarkers in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: A randomized, controlled, crossover trial","volume":"111","author":"Koutsos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.07.002","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and preliminary clinical trials of the aqueous extract mixture of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees and Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp leaves in metformin treated patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Widjajakusuma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy229","article-title":"Assessing the respective contributions of dietary flavanol monomers and procyanidins in mediating cardiovascular effects in humans: Randomized, controlled, double-masked intervention trial","volume":"108","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.08.007","article-title":"Effects of low molecular weight procyanidin rich extract from french maritime pine bark on cardiovascular disease risk factors in stage-1 hypertensive subjects: Randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled intervention trial","volume":"23","author":"Valls","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2015.01702312","article-title":"O efeito do extrato de semente de uva vermelha na atividade do soro paraoxonase em doentes com hiperlipidemia leve a moderada","volume":"134","author":"Argani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000343787","article-title":"Persimmon fruit tannin-rich fiber reduces cholesterol levels in humans","volume":"62","author":"Gato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.310","article-title":"No beneficial effects of pine bark extract on cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"170","author":"Drieling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.5.596","article-title":"Effects of cocoa powder and dark chocolate on LDL oxidative susceptibility and prostaglandin concentrations in humans","volume":"74","author":"Wan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.2109S","article-title":"Epicatechin in human plasma: In vivo determination and effect of chocolate consumption on plasma oxidation status","volume":"130","author":"Rein","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900476","article-title":"Hypolipidemic effects of proanthocyanidins and their underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms","volume":"54","author":"Arola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.09.129","article-title":"Bioavailability of polyphenols from peanut skin extract associated with plasma lipid lowering function","volume":"148","author":"Bansode","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6900","article-title":"Grape seed procyanidin B2 ameliorates hepatic lipid metabolism disorders in db\/db mice","volume":"16","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i8.955","article-title":"Procyanidin B2 protects against diet-induced obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via the modulation of the gut microbiota in rabbits","volume":"25","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6171","article-title":"Protective effect of grape by-product-fortified breads against cholesterol\/cholic acid diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia in rats","volume":"93","author":"Bajerska","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7720","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020346o","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidins prevent plasma postprandial oxidative stress in humans","volume":"50","author":"Natella","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200800054","article-title":"Dietary procyanidins lower triglyceride levels signaling through the nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner","volume":"52","author":"Ricketts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200800364","article-title":"Dietary procyanidins enhance transcriptional activity of bile acid-activated FXR in vitro and reduce triglyceridemia in vivo in a FXR-dependent manner","volume":"53","author":"Ricketts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.136","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidins correct dyslipidemia associated with a high-fat diet in rats and repress genes controlling lipogenesis and VLDL assembling in liver","volume":"33","author":"Quesada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_285","first-page":"2113","article-title":"Lipid-lowering mechanisms of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera L.) and its antihyperlidemic activity","volume":"4","author":"Adisakwattana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.10.007","article-title":"Hypocholesterolemic activity of grape seed proanthocyanidin is mediated by enhancement of bile acid excretion and up-regulation of CYP7A1","volume":"21","author":"Jiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200322x","article-title":"Acute administration of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract modulates energetic metabolism in skeletal muscle and BAT mitochondria","volume":"59","author":"Pajuelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baselga-Escudero, L., Arola-Arnal, A., Pascual-Serrano, A., Ribas-Latre, A., Casanova, E., Salvad\u00f3, M.J., Arola, L., and Blade, C. (2013). Chronic Administration of Proanthocyanidins or Docosahexaenoic Acid Reversess the Increase of miR-33a and miR-122 in Dyslipidemic Obese Rats. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069817"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.08.001","article-title":"Serum metabolites of proanthocyanidin-administered rats decrease lipid synthesis in HepG2 cells","volume":"24","author":"Guerrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.75","article-title":"Low doses of grape seed procyanidins reduce adiposity and improve the plasma lipid profile in hamsters","volume":"37","author":"Caimari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045.35","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1045.35","article-title":"A grape seed procyanidin extract lowers serum triglyceride levels via selective modulation of intestinal FXR-target gene expression and inhibition of enterohepatic bile acid recirculation","volume":"28","author":"Hintz","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Downing, L.E., Heidker, R.M., Caiozzi, G.C., Wong, B.S., Rodriguez, K., Del Rey, F., and Ricketts, M.L. (2015). A grape seed procyanidin extract ameliorates fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia in rats via enhanced fecal bile acid and cholesterol excretion and inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140267"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.02.008","article-title":"Long-term supplementation with a low dose of proanthocyanidins normalized liver miR-33a and miR-122 levels in high-fat diet-induced obese rats","volume":"35","author":"Casanova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidker, R.M., Caiozzi, G.C., and Ricketts, M.L. (2016). Grape seed procyanidins and cholestyramine differentially alter bile acid and cholesterol homeostatic gene expression in mouse intestine and liver. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154305"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6318","article-title":"miR-96 and autophagy are involved in the beneficial effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins against high-fat-diet-induced dyslipidemia in mice","volume":"33","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1137-1","article-title":"Effects of proanthocyanidin on oxidative stress biomarkers and adipokines in army cadets: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"56","author":"Passos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_297","first-page":"63","article-title":"Beneficial effects of a moderate consumption of red wine on cellular cholesterol efflux in young men","volume":"10","author":"Senault","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802577","article-title":"Polyphenolics and fat absorption","volume":"28","author":"Pal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4604","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070569k","article-title":"Oligomeric procyanidins in apple polyphenol are main active components for inhibition of pancreatic lipase and triglyceride absorption","volume":"55","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.002","article-title":"Dark chocolate consumption increases HDL cholesterol concentration and chocolate fatty acids may inhibit lipid peroxidation in healthy humans","volume":"37","author":"Mursu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03108.x","article-title":"High-cocoa polyphenol-rich chocolate improves HDL cholesterol in Type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"27","author":"Mellor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.64","article-title":"Effects of cocoa products\/dark chocolate on serum lipids: A meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Tokede","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1021\/jf800213f","article-title":"Gravinol ameliorates high-fructose-induced metabolic syndrome through regulation of lipid metabolism and proinflammatory state in rats","volume":"56","author":"Yokozawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520330307","article-title":"Cacao procyanidins reduce plasma cholesterol and increase fecal steroid excretion in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet","volume":"33","author":"Yasuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5054","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16065054","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering activity of the major polyphenols in grape seed","volume":"16","author":"Ngamukote","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.121023","article-title":"Peanut-skin polyphenols, procyanidin A1 and epicatechin-(4\u03b2\u21926)- epicatechin-(2\u03b2\u2192O\u21927, 4\u03b2\u21928)-catechin, exert cholesterol micelle-degrading activity in vitro","volume":"77","author":"Tamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511005472","article-title":"The lipid-lowering effect of dietary proanthocyanidins in rats involves both chylomicron-rich and VLDL-rich fractions","volume":"108","author":"Quesada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400209-JLR200","article-title":"Apple procyanidins decrease cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein secretion in Caco-2\/TC7 enterocytes","volume":"46","author":"Vidal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048309f","article-title":"Red wine polyphenolics suppress the secretion of ApoB48 from human intestinal CaCo-2 cells","volume":"53","author":"Pal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601082","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201601082","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ameliorates inflammation and adiposity by modulating gut microbiota in high-fat diet mice","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24977","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24977","article-title":"Dietary proanthocyanidins boost hepatic NAD + metabolism and SIRT1 expression and activity in a dose-dependent manner in healthy rats","volume":"6","author":"Vinaixa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.12.034","article-title":"Flavangenol (pine bark extract) and its major component procyanidin B1 enhance fatty acid oxidation in fat-loaded models","volume":"677","author":"Shimada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.034","article-title":"Evaluation of hypolipidemic effects of peanut skin-derived polyphenols in rats on Western-diet","volume":"135","author":"Bansode","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.024","article-title":"Procyanidin B2 ameliorates free fatty acids-induced hepatic steatosis through regulating TFEB-mediated lysosomal pathway and redox state","volume":"126","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M000055-MCP201","article-title":"Lipogenesis is decreased by grape seed proanthocyanidins according to liver proteomics of rats fed a high fat diet","volume":"9","author":"Baiges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(02)00324-X","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract","volume":"523-524","author":"Bagchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200237","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidins repress the hepatic lipid regulators miR-33 and miR-122 in rats","volume":"56","author":"Casanova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.10.016","article-title":"Persimmon tannin alleviates hepatic steatosis in L02 cells by targeting miR-122 and miR-33b and its effects closely associated with the A type ECG dimer and EGCG dimer structural units","volume":"11","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommella, E., Badolati, N., Riccio, G., Salviati, E., Bottone, S., Dentice, M., Campiglia, P., Tenore, G.C., Stornaiuolo, M., and Novellino, E. (2019). A boost in mitochondrial activity underpins the cholesterol-lowering effect of annurca apple polyphenols on hepatic cells. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010163"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22234","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22234","article-title":"Oligomeric proanthocyanidins mitigate cholesterol and cholic acid diet\u2013induced hepatic dysfunction in male Sprague Dawley rats","volume":"33","author":"Sankar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(03)00167-9","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of grape seed extract on lipases","volume":"19","author":"Moreno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_322","first-page":"130","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Red Grape Seed Extracts on Pancreatic \u03b1-amylase and Lipase","volume":"9","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. J. Biotech. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2013.10.018","article-title":"Effects of proanthocyanidins on porcine pancreatic lipase: Conformation, activity, kinetics and thermodynamics","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5305","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200180n","article-title":"Inhibition of key digestive enzymes by cocoa extracts and procyanidins","volume":"59","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.06.015","article-title":"Grape seed procyanidins improve \u03b2-cell functionality under lipotoxic conditions due to their lipid-lowering effect","volume":"24","author":"Blay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.90","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidin supplementation reduces adipocyte size and increases adipocyte number in obese rats","volume":"41","author":"Bravo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascual-Serrano, A., Blad\u00e9, C., Su\u00e1rez, M., and Arola-Arnal, A. (2018). Grape seed proanthocyanidins improve white adipose tissue expansion during diet-induced obesity development in rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092632"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky158","article-title":"Grape seed procyanidin extract inhibits adipogenesis and stimulates lipolysis of porcine adipocytes in vitro","volume":"96","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.02.104","article-title":"Procyanidins target mesenteric adipose tissue in Wistar lean rats and subcutaneous adipose tissue in Zucker obese rat","volume":"141","author":"Motilva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.02.044","article-title":"Role of brown adipose tissue in modulating adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat diet fed mice","volume":"854","author":"Shankar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511002728","article-title":"Chronic dietary supplementation of proanthocyanidins corrects the mitochondrial dysfunction of brown adipose tissue caused by diet-induced obesity in Wistar rats","volume":"107","author":"Pajuelo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1159\/000502235","article-title":"Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Obesity","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2012.06.001","article-title":"Grape skin extract reduces adipogenesis- and lipogenesis-related gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 signaling pathway","volume":"32","author":"Jeong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.00983.x","article-title":"Wheat germ agglutinin modified liposomes for the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria","volume":"88","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.03.152","article-title":"Cranberries (Oxycoccus quadripetalus) inhibit lipid metabolism and modulate leptin and adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"185","author":"Kowalska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.12.019","article-title":"Grape seed procyanidin B2 inhibits adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 with miR-483-5p involved mechanism","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","article-title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Ouchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbe, A., Mellouk, N., Ram\u00e9, C., Grandhaye, J., Staub, C., Venturi, E., Cirot, M., Petit, A., Anger, K., and Chahnamian, M. (2020). A grape seed extract maternal dietary supplementation in reproductive hens reduces oxidative stress associated to modulation of plasma and tissue adipokines expression and improves viability of offsprings. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231131"},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.03.003","article-title":"Grape seed procyanidins administered at physiological doses to rats during pregnancy and lactation promote lipid oxidation and up-regulate AMPK in the muscle of male offspring in adulthood","volume":"26","author":"Crescenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.159","article-title":"Grape seed procyanidin supplementation to rats fed a high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation increases the body fat content and modulates the inflammatory response and the adipose tissue metabolism of the male offspring in youth","volume":"39","author":"Crescenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12597-9","article-title":"Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring","volume":"7","author":"Caimari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00059a004","article-title":"Plant Polyphenols Exhibit Lipoprotein-Bound Antioxidant Activity Using an in Vitro Oxidation Model for Heart Disease","volume":"43","author":"Vinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T.K., Xu, S., Li, S., and Zhang, Y. (2020). Proanthocyanidins Should Be a Candidate in the Treatment of Cancer, Cardiovascular Diseases and Lipid Metabolic Disorder. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245971"},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2000-0754.ch019","article-title":"Potential cardiovascular health benefits of procyanidins present in chocolate and cocoa","volume":"754","author":"Bearden","year":"2000","journal-title":"ACS Symp. Ser."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90206-V","article-title":"Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein by phenolic substances in red wine","volume":"341","author":"Frankel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00504-4","article-title":"Red wine mitigates the postprandial increase of LDL susceptibility to oxidation","volume":"30","author":"Natella","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011257z","article-title":"Human apo A-I and rat transferrin are the principal plasma proteins that bind wine catechins","volume":"50","author":"Brunet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.10.006","article-title":"Protective effects of oligomeric and polymeric procyanidin fractions from defatted grape seeds on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells","volume":"137","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2008.04.003","article-title":"(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate induces Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression via activation of PI3K and ERK in human mammary epithelial cells","volume":"476","author":"Na","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2004.03.002","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: The role of environmental factors","volume":"3","author":"Danese","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.020","article-title":"Understanding and Preventing the Global Increase of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"152","author":"Kaplan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12598","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12598","article-title":"Melatonin reduces inflammatory response in human intestinal epithelial cells stimulated by interleukin-1\u03b2","volume":"67","author":"Mannino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6517","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01599J","article-title":"The ameliorative effect of the: Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) H. L. Li extract on intestinal barrier dysfunction through modulating glycolipid digestion and gut microbiota in high fat diet-fed rats","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_354","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chronic supplementation with dietary proanthocyanidins protects from diet-induced intestinal alterations in obese rats","volume":"61","author":"Pinent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_355","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protective Effect of Proanthocyanidins in a Rat Model of Mild Intestinal Inflammation and Impaired Intestinal Permeability Induced by LPS","volume":"63","author":"Comitato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.10.021","article-title":"Grape seed extract improves small intestinal health through suppressing inflammation and regulating alkaline phosphatase in IL-10-deficient mice","volume":"20","author":"Bibi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Quilen, C., Rodr\u00edguez-Gallego, E., Beltr\u00e1n-Deb\u00f3n, R., Pinent, M., Ard\u00e9vol, A., Blay, M.T., and Terra, X. (2020). Health-promoting properties of proanthocyanidins for intestinal dysfunction. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010130"},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2010.03.006","article-title":"Modulatory effect of grape-seed procyanidins on local and systemic inflammation in diet-induced obesity rats","volume":"22","author":"Terra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6721","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16086721","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds modulate the NF-\u03baB signal transduction pathways in rats with tnbs-induced ulcerative colitis","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01910","article-title":"The Antioxidant Procyanidin reduces reactive oxygen species signaling in macrophages and ameliorates experimental colitis in mice","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.05.024","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds modulates the nuclear factor-kappa B signal transduction pathways in rats with TNBS-induced recurrent ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00525G","article-title":"Granny Smith apple procyanidin extract upregulates tight junction protein expression and modulates oxidative stress and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced Caco-2 cells","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.02.007","article-title":"Cocoa procyanidins with different degrees of polymerization possess distinct activities in models of colonic inflammation","volume":"26","author":"Bitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20140210","article-title":"Prevention of oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the intestine by different cranberry phenolic fractions","volume":"128","author":"Denis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760400016105","article-title":"The interaction of flavonoids with membranes: Potential determinant of flavonoid antioxidant effects","volume":"38","author":"Erlejman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_366","first-page":"19","article-title":"Flavonoid-membrane interactions: A protective role of flavonoids at the membrane surface?","volume":"12","author":"Oteiza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2013.07.023","article-title":"Procyanidins can interact with Caco-2 cell membrane lipid rafts: Involvement of cholesterol","volume":"1828","author":"Verstraeten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/8\/1229\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:37:18Z","timestamp":1760164638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/8\/1229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"references-count":367,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox10081229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10081229","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]}}}