{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T03:34:47Z","timestamp":1787974487323,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Bialymstoku","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/ST\/MN\/17\/003\/2216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/ST\/MN\/17\/003\/2216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Bialymstoku","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUB\/2\/DN\/21\/004\/2216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/2\/DN\/21\/004\/2216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Young barley seems to be a promising material for use as nutricosmetic due to the presence of many biologically active compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hordeum vulgare L. extracts on human skin fibroblasts exposed to ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) radiation. Analysis of the chemical composition showed a predominance of 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid. The quality assessment showed that young barley preparations have high total polyphenolic content (TPC) and favourable total antioxidant status (TAS). They also contain antioxidant elements such as zinc, copper, and selenium. Furthermore, the analyzed products were found to be safe in terms of toxic elements (lead, cadmium and mercury) and lack of cytotoxic effect of young barley extracts on cells. In vitro bioactivity assays showed that young barley extract increased the survival rate and accelerated the migration of fibroblasts in research models with UVB radiation. The application of both extracts caused an increase in DNA biosynthesis, and in the number of cells arrested in S phase. Moreover, an inhibitory effect of the tested extracts on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) was observed. The results indicate that young barley extracts, due to protective as well as restorative effect, could potentially be used in the production of nutricosmetics and skin care products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T21:59:45Z","timestamp":1630447185000},"page":"1402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Chemical Composition and Protective Effect of Young Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Dietary Supplements Extracts on UV-Treated Human Skin Fibroblasts in In Vitro Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Krystyna Joanna","family":"Gromkowska-K\u0119pka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D Str., 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-9573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Markiewicz-\u017bukowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D Str., 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2504-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Nowakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D Str., 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3340-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia Katarzyna","family":"Naliwajko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D Str., 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Moskwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D Str., 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8526-8107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pu\u015bcion-Jakubik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D Str., 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4436-5434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Bielecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D Str., 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2230-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Grabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D Str., 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5273-0406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"Mielcarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D Str., 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Soroczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D Str., 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5949-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Socha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D Str., 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, S.U., Ahmed, M.B., Ahsan, H., Islam, M., Shehzad, A., Sonn, J.K., and Lee, Y.S. (2020). An Update on the Role of Dietary Phytochemicals in Human Skin Cancer: New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100916"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.11.023","article-title":"The Role of Autophagy in Skin Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, and Epidermal Stem Cells","volume":"140","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2015.02.018","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of Sun Protection Factor and stability of commercial sunscreens using mass spectrometry","volume":"988","author":"Delafiori","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12298","article-title":"Prevention of DNA damage in human skin by topical sunscreens","volume":"33","author":"Olsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solano, F. (2020). Photoprotection and Skin Pigmentation: Melanin-Related Molecules and Some Other New Agents Obtained from Natural Sources. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071537"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14513","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04769-z","article-title":"Acute toxicity testing of TiO(2)-based vs. oxybenzone-based sunscreens on clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris)","volume":"26","author":"Barone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.17221\/754-CJFS","article-title":"Evaluation of barley grass as a potential source of some nutritional substances","volume":"25","author":"Gabrovska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Czech. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5499","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070543t","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of flavonoids isolated from young green barley leaves toward biological lipid samples","volume":"55","author":"Benedet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11755","DOI":"10.1021\/jf1014389","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins in barley green biomass","volume":"58","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-009-0113-4","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymes in barley green biomass","volume":"64","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant. Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bali\u0107, A., and Mokos, M. (2019). Do We Utilize Our Knowledge of the Skin Protective Effects of Carotenoids Enough?. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080259"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0258914","article-title":"Flavone C-glycoside, phenolic acid, and nitrogen contents in leaves of barley subject to organic fertilization treatments","volume":"51","author":"Aaboer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9910640","article-title":"Identification of flavone C-glycosides including a new flavonoid chromophore from barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L.) by improved NMR techniques","volume":"48","author":"Norbaek","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.12.070","article-title":"Further knowledge on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves O-glycosyl-C-glycosyl flavones by liquid chromatography-UV diode-array detection-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry","volume":"1182","author":"Ferreres","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6260","DOI":"10.1021\/jf301700j","article-title":"Flavonoids with potent antioxidant activity found in young green barley leaves","volume":"60","author":"Kamiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2003-1-209","article-title":"The mis-identification of the major antioxidant flavonoids in young barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves","volume":"58","author":"Markham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Naturforschung C"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.15-43","article-title":"A fermented barley and soybean formula enhances skin hydration","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-015-0092-1","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with a fermented barley and soybean mixture attenuates UVB-induced skin aging and dehydration in hairless mouse skin","volume":"24","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-015-0902-z","article-title":"Melanin biosynthesis inhibitory activity of a compound isolated from young green barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in B16 melanoma cells","volume":"69","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.03.017","article-title":"Hordenine, a single compound produced during barley germination, inhibits melanogenesis in human melanocytes","volume":"141","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox4020248","article-title":"Mechanisms of Photoaging and Cutaneous Photocarcinogenesis, and Photoprotective Strategies with Phytochemicals","volume":"4","author":"Bosch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"European Commission (2011). Regulation (EU) No 1169\/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the Provision of Food Information to Consumers, Amending Regulations (EC) No 1924\/2006 and (EC) No 1925\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and Repealing Commission Directive 87\/250\/EEC, Council Directive 90\/496\/EEC, Commission Directive 1999\/10\/EC, Directive 2000\/13\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Directives 2002\/67\/EC and 2008\/5\/EC and Commission Regulation (EC) No 608\/2004, European Commission. Text with EEA Relevance."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"European Commission (2014). Commission Regulation (EU) No 488\/2014 of 12 May 2014 Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881\/2006 as Regards Maximum Levels of Cadmium in Foodstuffs, European Commission. (Text with EEA Relevance)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"European Commission (2015). Commission Regulation (EU) 2015\/1005 of 25 June 2015 Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881\/2006 as Regards Maximum Levels of Lead in Certain Foodstuffs, European Commission. (Text with EEA Relevance)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"European Commission (2018). Commission Regulation (EU) 2018\/73 of 16 January 2018 Amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396\/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as Regards Maximum Residue Levels for Mercury Compounds in or on Certain Products, European Commission. (Text with EEA Relevance)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2008.00347.x","article-title":"Evaluating the cytotoxic doses of narrowband and broadband UVB in human keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts","volume":"24","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"111","article-title":"Drink containing chlorophyll extracts improves signs of photoaging and increases type I procollagen in human skin in vivo","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Korean J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111090","article-title":"Mushrooms as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer: Evaluation of anti-glioma effects of Coprinus comatus, Cantharellus cibarius, Lycoperdon perlatum and Lactarius deliciosus extracts","volume":"133","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-452-0_15","article-title":"Use of gel zymography to examine matrix metalloproteinase (gelatinase) expression in brain tissue or in primary glial cultures","volume":"814","author":"Frankowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78014-w","article-title":"Chemical composition of Polish propolis and its antiproliferative effect in combination with Bacopa monnieri on glioblastoma cell lines","volume":"10","author":"Moskwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gromkowska-K\u0119pka, K.J., Pu\u015bcion-Jakubik, A., Markiewicz-\u017bukowska, R., and Socha, K. (2021). The impact of ultraviolet radiation on skin photoaging\u2014Review of in vitro studies. J. Cosmet. Dermatol., 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14033"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittayapruek, P., Meephansan, J., Prapapan, O., Komine, M., and Ohtsuki, M. (2016). Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Photoaging and Photocarcinogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060868"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2015.003","article-title":"Role of micronutrients in skin health and function","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalak, M., Pierzak, M., Kr\u0119cisz, B., and Suliga, E. (2021). Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010203"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.03.022","article-title":"Zinc and immunity: An essential interrelation","volume":"611","author":"Maares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogawa, Y., Kinoshita, M., Shimada, S., and Kawamura, T. (2018). Zinc and Skin Disorders. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020199"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-018-1086-7","article-title":"Selenium, aging and aging-related diseases","volume":"31","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5895439","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5895439","article-title":"Age-Dependent Protective Effect of Selenium against UVA Irradiation in Primary Human Keratinocytes and the Associated DNA Repair Signature","volume":"2018","author":"Favrot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-1211","article-title":"Serum antioxidants and skin cancer risk: An 8-year community-based follow-up study","volume":"18","author":"Heinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867054637617","article-title":"Copper as a biocidal tool","volume":"12","author":"Borkow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3109\/03008200903288431","article-title":"Stimulation of cell proliferation and expression of matrixmetalloproteinase-1 and interluekin-8 genes in dermal fibroblasts by copper","volume":"51","author":"Philips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2174\/2212796809666150227223857","article-title":"Using Copper to Improve the Well-Being of the Skin","volume":"8","author":"Borkow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2009.00636.x","article-title":"New insights into the active site structure and catalytic mechanism of tyrosinase and its related proteins","volume":"22","author":"Olivares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15144","article-title":"The chemical composition of barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces from the Canary Islands","volume":"85","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg032","article-title":"Hazards of heavy metal contamination","volume":"68","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.12.009","article-title":"Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer","volume":"160","author":"Valko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"501","article-title":"Heavy metal induced oxidative stress & its possible reversal by chelation therapy","volume":"128","author":"Flora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0286","article-title":"Exposure to Trace Elements and Risk of Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00482-9","article-title":"Interactions by carcinogenic metal compounds with DNA repair processes: Toxicological implications","volume":"127","author":"Hartwig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"518","article-title":"Lead hepatotoxicity & potential health effects","volume":"126","author":"Mudipalli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.07.002","article-title":"Gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood cells of workers who were occupationally exposed to lead","volume":"301","author":"Kasperczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreoli, V., and Sprovieri, F. (2017). Genetic Aspects of Susceptibility to Mercury Toxicity: An Overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14010093"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"351","article-title":"Ocena zawarto\u015bci kadmu w suplementach diety","volume":"44","author":"Socha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bromatol. Chem. Toksyk."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"529","article-title":"Ocena zawarto\u015bci o\u0142owiu w suplementach diety","volume":"43","author":"Socha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bromatol. Chem. Toksyk."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.10.008","article-title":"Determination of toxic metals by ICP-MS in Asiatic and European medicinal plants and dietary supplements","volume":"30","author":"Kurzawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-7-10","article-title":"Evaluation of heavy metals content in dietary supplements in Lebanon","volume":"7","author":"Korfali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0290-0","article-title":"Sunscreens: An Update","volume":"18","author":"Mancuso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.09.040","article-title":"Current challenges in photoprotection","volume":"76","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00280F","article-title":"Skin protection against UV light by dietary antioxidants","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-009-1001-3","article-title":"Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms","volume":"302","author":"Nichols","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12123","article-title":"Natural products as photoprotection","volume":"14","author":"Saewan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cosmet Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2017.1931","article-title":"Natural Substances for Prevention of Skin Photoaging: Screening Systems in the Development of Sunscreen and Rejuvenation Cosmetics","volume":"21","author":"Kostyuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.22630\/ZPPNR.2018.593.16","article-title":"Por\u00f3wnanie sk\u0142adu i w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci antyoksydacyjnych ekstrakt\u00f3w siewek j\u0119czmienia i pszenicy","volume":"593","author":"Samsonowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zeszyty Problemowe Post\u0119p\u00f3w Nauk Rolniczych"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panthi, M., Subba, R.K., Raut, B., Khanal, D.P., and Koirala, N. (2020). Bioactivity evaluations of leaf extract fractions from young barley grass and correlation with their phytochemical profiles. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2862-4"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"80","article-title":"Znakowanie \u017cywno\u015bci pod wzgl\u0119dem warto\u015bci antyoksydacyjnej","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nauki In\u017cynierskie i Technologie"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.07.030","article-title":"Evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and DNA protective capacity of Chenopodium album\u2019s ethanolic leaf extract","volume":"90","author":"Aksoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/130555","article-title":"Enhancement of chemopreventive properties of young green barley and chlorella extracts used together against colon cancer cells","volume":"27","author":"Lemieszek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/74714","article-title":"Evaluation of anticancer activity of water and juice extracts of young Hordeum vulgare in human cancer cell lines HT-29 and A549","volume":"24","author":"Czerwonka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles-Escajeda, E., Lerma, D., Nyakeriga, A.M., Ross, J.A., Kirken, R.A., Aguilera, R.J., and Varela-Ramirez, A. (2013). Searching in mother nature for anti-cancer activity: Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect elicited by green barley on leukemia\/lymphoma cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073508"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"93","article-title":"S\u0142oneczne promieniowanie UV a zdrowie cz\u0142owieka","volume":"244","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prace Instytutu Elektrotechniki"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21857","article-title":"Detrimental effects of UV-B radiation in a xeroderma pigmentosum-variant cell line","volume":"55","author":"Herman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.08.006","article-title":"Single exposure of human fibroblasts (WI-38) to a sub-cytotoxic dose of UVB induces premature senescence","volume":"581","author":"Straface","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.08.013","article-title":"Repeated exposure of mouse dermal fibroblasts at a sub-cytotoxic dose of UVB leads to premature senescence: A robust model of cellular photoaging","volume":"73","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greussing, R., Hackl, M., Charoentong, P., Pauck, A., Monteforte, R., Cavinato, M., Hofer, E., Scheideler, M., Neuhaus, M., and Micutkova, L. (2013). Identification of microRNA-mRNA functional interactions in UVB-induced senescence of human diploid fibroblasts. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-224"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.120","article-title":"Characterization of Skin Aging-Associated Secreted Proteins (SAASP) Produced by Dermal Fibroblasts Isolated from Intrinsically Aged Human Skin","volume":"135","author":"Kalfalah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp00182k","article-title":"Solar UV damage to cellular DNA: From mechanisms to biological effects","volume":"17","author":"Mullenders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5020545","article-title":"Oxidative stress in aging human skin","volume":"5","author":"Rinnerthaler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2014.885823","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of glyceric acid and its glucosyl derivative, \u03b1-glucosylglyceric acid, as cell proliferation inducers and protective solutes","volume":"78","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2019.1680688","article-title":"dl-Malic acid as a component of \u03b1-hydroxy acids: Effect on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced inflammation in atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in vitro and in vivo","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, S.C., and Yang, J.H. (2018). Dual Effects of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids on the Skin. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040863"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.04.024","article-title":"Composite poly-L-lactic acid\/poly-(\u03b1,\u03b2)-DL-aspartic acid\/collagen nanofibrous scaffolds for dermal tissue regeneration","volume":"32","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12250","article-title":"In vivo topical application of acetyl aspartic acid increases fibrillin-1 and collagen IV deposition leading to a significant improvement of skin firmness","volume":"37","author":"Gillbro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12254","article-title":"Acetyl aspartic acid, a novel active ingredient, demonstrates potential to improve signs of skin ageing: From consumer need to clinical proof","volume":"37","author":"Mavon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6705.2005.00263.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a sunscreen photoprotective effect by ascorbic acid assessment in human dermis using microdialysis and gas chromatography mass spectrometry","volume":"14","author":"Muret","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, J.H., Karadeniz, F., Kong, C.S., and Seo, Y. (2020). Antiphotoaging Effect of 3,5-Dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic Acid against UVA-Induced Skin Damage by Protecting Human Dermal Fibroblasts In Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207756"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"763","article-title":"Protective effect of 3,5-dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic acid against UVB-induced photoaging in human HaCaT keratinocytes","volume":"20","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"649","article-title":"Inositol and acne","volume":"150","author":"Pezza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-011-1214-9","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol via the suppression of NF-\u03baB and MAPK activation, and acetylation of histone H3","volume":"34","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12329","article-title":"Mechanisms and prevention of UV-induced melanoma","volume":"34","author":"Sample","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1991.tb08501.x","article-title":"Protective role of butylated hydroxytoluene and certain carotenoids in photocarcinogenesis","volume":"53","author":"Black","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12524440","article-title":"A mode of action for butylated hydroxytoluene-mediated photoprotection","volume":"87","author":"Koone","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12471","article-title":"Cinnamic acid derivatives in cosmetics: Current use and future prospects","volume":"40","author":"Koczurkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2018.01.004","article-title":"Trans-cinnamic acid attenuates UVA-induced photoaging through inhibition of AP-1 activation and induction of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant genes in human skin fibroblasts","volume":"90","author":"Hseu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"23","article-title":"The Effect of Lauric Acid on Pathogens Colonizing the Burn Wound: A Pilot Study","volume":"26","author":"Wyszomirski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.93","article-title":"Antimicrobial property of lauric acid against Propionibacterium acnes: Its therapeutic potential for inflammatory acne vulgaris","volume":"129","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1562\/2005-07-15-RA-612","article-title":"Design of a photostabilizer having built-in antioxidant functionality and its utility in obtaining broad-spectrum sunscreen formulations","volume":"82","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01179-z","article-title":"Neophytadiene from Turbinaria ornata Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Sprague Dawley Rats","volume":"43","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mieremet, A., Helder, R., Nadaban, A., Gooris, G., Boiten, W., El Ghalbzouri, A., and Bouwstra, J.A. (2019). Contribution of Palmitic Acid to Epidermal Morphogenesis and Lipid Barrier Formation in Human Skin Equivalents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236069"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050320","article-title":"Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid lightens ultraviolet-induced hyperpigmentation of the skin","volume":"290","author":"Ando","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H.J., Song, B.R., Kim, J.E., Bae, S.J., Choi, Y.J., Lee, S.J., Gong, J.E., Lee, H.S., Lee, C.Y., and Kim, B.H. (2020). Therapeutic Effects of Cold-Pressed Perilla Oil Mainly Consisting of Linolenic acid, Oleic Acid and Linoleic Acid on UV-Induced Photoaging in NHDF Cells and SKH-1 Hairless Mice. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040989"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/9\/1402\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:53:51Z","timestamp":1760165631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/9\/1402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox10091402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10091402","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]}}}