{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T12:03:42Z","timestamp":1774958622623,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107-2314-B-281-002-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2314-B-281-002-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuropathic pain (NP), is a chronic pain resulting from nerve injury, with limited treatment options. Teneligliptin (TEN) is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) approved to treat type 2 diabetes. DPP-4is prevent the degradation of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and prolong its circulation. Apart from glycemic control, GLP-1 is known to have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we investigated the antinociceptive properties of TEN on acute pain, and partial sciatic nerve transection (PSNT)-induced NP in Wistar rats. Seven days post PSNT, allodynia and hyperalgesia were confirmed as NP, and intrathecal (i.t) catheters were implanted and connected to an osmotic pump for the vehicle (1 \u03bcL\/h) or TEN (5 \u03bcg\/1 \u03bcL\/h) or TEN (5 \u03bcg) + GLP-1R antagonist Exendin-3 (9\u201339) amide (EXE) 0.1 \u03bcg\/1 \u03bcL\/h infusion. The tail-flick response, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia were measured for 7 more days. On day 14, the dorsal horn was harvested and used for Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. The results showed that TEN had mild antinociceptive effects against acute pain but remarkable analgesic effects against NP. Furthermore, co-infusion of GLP-1R antagonist EXE with TEN partially reversed allodynia but not tail-flick latency. Immunofluorescence examination of the spinal cord revealed that TEN decreased the immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Taken together, our findings suggest that TEN is efficient in attenuation of PSNT-induced NP. Hence, the pleiotropic effects of TEN open a new avenue for NP management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T12:20:37Z","timestamp":1631190037000},"page":"1438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Teneligliptin Exerts Antinociceptive Effects in Rat Model of Partial Sciatic Nerve Transection Induced Neuropathic Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yaswanth","family":"Kuthati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei 280, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaikar Navakanth","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica Institute, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5173-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabhakar","family":"Busa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei 280, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Shung","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei 280, Taiwan"},{"name":"National Defense Medical Center, Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei 280, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2018.022","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: Current definition and review of drug treatment","volume":"41","author":"Murnion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. Prescr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058738419838383","DOI":"10.1177\/2058738419838383","article-title":"The neuropathic pain: An overview of the current treatment and future therapeutic approaches","volume":"33","author":"Cavalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.24.3043","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of opioid agonists in the treatment of neuropathic pain of nonmalignant origin: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"293","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"CD011669","article-title":"Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults","volume":"5","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1494","article-title":"Opioids for chronic non-cancer neuropathic pain. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, tolerability and safety in randomized placebo-controlled studies of at least 4 weeks duration","volume":"24","author":"Sommer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000894","article-title":"Nerve injury-induced epigenetic silencing of opioid receptors controlled by DNMT3a in primary afferent neurons","volume":"158","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-018-0009-4","article-title":"Are Opioids Effective in Relieving Neuropathic Pain?","volume":"1","author":"Schembri","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5519","article-title":"Uncoupling protein-2 mediates DPP-4 inhibitor-induced restoration of endothelial function in hypertension through reducing oxidative stress","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S132537","article-title":"Sitagliptin ameliorates oxidative stress in experimental diabetic nephropathy by diminishing the miR-200a\/Keap-1\/Nrf2 antioxidant pathway","volume":"10","author":"Civantos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13087","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of vildagliptin in rat rotenone Parkinson\u2019s disease model: Role of RAGE-NF\u03baB and Nrf2-antioxidant signaling pathways","volume":"133","author":"Abdelsalam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557520666200228144148","article-title":"Review on Chemistry, Analysis and Pharmacology of Teneligliptin: A Novel DPP-4 Inhibitor","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.08.012","article-title":"Discovery and preclinical profile of teneligliptin (3-[(2S,4S)-4-[4-(3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl]pyrrolidin-2-ylcarbonyl]thiazolidine): A highly potent, selective, long-lasting and orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Yoshida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01189-w","article-title":"Long-Term, Real-World Safety and Efficacy of Teneligliptin: A Post-Marketing Surveillance of More Than 10,000 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Japan","volume":"37","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.18203\/2319-2003.ijbcp20200729","article-title":"Evaluation of the analgesic activity of single and multiple oral doses of teneligliptin (20 mg\/day), using hot air analgesiometer in healthy human volunteers: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, cross over study","volume":"9","author":"Butul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Basic Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2014.53","article-title":"The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor teneligliptin improved endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in the SHR\/NDmcr-cp rat model of metabolic syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Nakagami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.016","article-title":"Teneligliptin protects against hypoxia\/reoxygenation-induced endothelial cell injury","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.10.030","article-title":"A novel DPP-4 inhibitor teneligliptin scavenges hydroxyl radicals: In vitro study evaluated by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and in vivo study using DPP-4 deficient rats","volume":"65","author":"Kimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"8898","article-title":"Teneligliptin enhances the beneficial effects of GLP-1 in endothelial cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions","volume":"9","author":"Prattichizzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5322","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4703-13.2014","article-title":"Activation of spinal glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors specifically suppresses pain hypersensitivity","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0550-2","article-title":"Activation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Promotes Neuroprotection in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Reducing Neuroinflammatory Responses","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01302-x","article-title":"Activation of microglial GLP-1R in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis suppresses central sensitization of chronic migraine after recurrent nitroglycerin stimulation","volume":"22","author":"Jing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13720","article-title":"Morroniside, a secoiridoid glycoside from Cornus officinalis, attenuates neuropathic pain by activation of spinal glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors","volume":"174","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000320","article-title":"Lamiophlomis rotata, an orally available Tibetan herbal painkiller, specifically reduces pain hypersensitivity states through the activation of spinal glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors","volume":"121","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2021.107463","article-title":"GLP-1R activation ameliorated novel-object recognition memory dysfunction via regulating hippocampal AMPK\/NF-\u03baB pathway in neuropathic pain mice","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12895","article-title":"The non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist WB4-24 blocks inflammatory nociception by stimulating \u03b2-endorphin release from spinal microglia","volume":"172","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104615","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 suppresses neuroinflammation and improves neural structure","volume":"152","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujita, S., Ushio, S., Ozawa, N., Masuguchi, K., Kawashiri, T., Oishi, R., and Egashira, N. (2015). Exenatide Facilitates Recovery from Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141921"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.272620","article-title":"Exendin-4 attenuates pain-induced cognitive impairment by alleviating hippocampal neuroinflammation in a rat model of spinal nerve ligation","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8687","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15501","article-title":"Sitagliptin improves functional recovery via GLP-1R-induced anti-apoptosis and facilitation of axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2977","article-title":"GLP-1R agonists ameliorate peripheral nerve dysfunction and inflammation via p38 MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathways in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"41","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S214671","article-title":"Melatonin MT2 receptor agonist IIK-7 produces antinociception by modulation of ROS and suppression of spinal microglial activation in neuropathic pain rats","volume":"12","author":"Kuthati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132815Y.0000000052","article-title":"Effects of intrathecal injection of rapamycin on pain threshold and spinal cord glial activation in rats with neuropathic pain","volume":"37","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10105","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S225594","article-title":"Manganese Oxide Nanozymes Ameliorate Mechanical Allodynia in a Rat Model of Partial Sciatic Nerve-Transection Induced Neuropathic Pain","volume":"14","author":"Kuthati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuthati, Y., Busa, P., Tummala, S., Rao, V.N., Davuluri, V.N.G., Ho, Y.-P., and Wong, C.-S. (2021). Mesoporous Polydopamine Nanoparticles Attenuate Morphine Tolerance in Neuropathic Pain Rats by Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Restoration of the Endogenous Antioxidant System. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020195"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000020","article-title":"Intrathecal Ultra-Low Dose Naloxone Enhances the Antihyperalgesic Effects of Morphine and Attenuates Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Receptor 1 Expression in the Dorsal Horn of Rats with Partial Sciatic Nerve Transection","volume":"117","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.09.008","article-title":"The antinociceptive activity of intrathecally administered amiloride and its interactions with morphine and clonidine in rats","volume":"13","author":"Ouyang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.99311","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of simvastatin and atorvastatin","volume":"44","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1983.tb47281.x","article-title":"Comparison of the Analgesic Effects of Dimethyl Sulfoxide And Morphine","volume":"411","author":"Haigler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.03.039","article-title":"Linagliptin attenuates chronic post-ischemia pain: Possible anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant mechanisms","volume":"828","author":"Hewedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00354-7","article-title":"Partial sciatic nerve transection as a model of neuropathic pain: A qualitative and quantitative neuropathological study","volume":"89","author":"Lindenlaub","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2014.922559","article-title":"Surgical animal models of neuropathic pain: Pros and Cons","volume":"125","author":"Challa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.009","article-title":"The Cardiovascular Biology of Glucagon-like Peptide-1","volume":"24","author":"Drucker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01112","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: A Focus on Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Grieco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.10.043","article-title":"Spinally projecting preproglucagon axons preferentially innervate sympathetic preganglionic neurons","volume":"284","author":"Marina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, Y.S., and Jun, H.-S. (2017). Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Oxidative Stress and Nrf2 Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010026"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S106133","article-title":"Teneligliptin in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.385","article-title":"Comparison of the administration of teneligliptin every day versus every other day in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized non-inferior test","volume":"55","author":"Kamiko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04681-2","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of DPP4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, on autonomic and peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: An open label, pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Syngle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-0666-7","article-title":"Concurrent Use of Teneligliptin and Canagliflozin Improves Glycemic Control with Beneficial Effects on Plasma Glucagon and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: A Single-Arm Study","volume":"10","author":"Noda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01971.x","article-title":"Neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions of glucagon-like peptide-1: An emerging opportunity to treat neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders","volume":"166","author":"Salcedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"4837","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of exendin-4 in rat model of spinal cord injury via inhibiting mitochondrial apoptotic pathway","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"6091014","article-title":"Neuroprotective Activity of Sitagliptin via Reduction of Neuroinflammation beyond the Incretin Effect: Focus on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2018","author":"Walczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806720106","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor stimulation preserves primary cortical and dopaminergic neurons in cellular and rodent models of stroke and Parkinsonism","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85949","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20791","article-title":"Liraglutide activates autophagy via GLP-1R to improve functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2017.03.003","article-title":"Teneligliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, attenuated pro-inflammatory phenotype of perivascular adipose tissue and inhibited atherogenesis in normoglycemic apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice","volume":"96\u201398","author":"Salim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.05.005","article-title":"Teneligliptin, a DPP-4 Inhibitor, Decreases Plasma Levels of Inflammatory Chemokines During a Standard Meal Test in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"360","author":"Aso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.04.059","article-title":"Teneligliptin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation in dental pulp cells","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy397","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor teneligliptin accelerates recovery from cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by attenuating inflammation and promoting tubular regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Iwakura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91729-K","article-title":"Staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in lumbar spinal cord increases following a sciatic nerve constriction injury","volume":"565","author":"Garrison","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1994.1165","article-title":"GFAP expression in lumbar spinal cord of naive and neuropathic rats treated with MK-801","volume":"129","author":"Garrison","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03462.x","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of spinal cord injury-induced central neuropathic pain","volume":"95","author":"Nesic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. NeuroChem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(00)00226-1","article-title":"The involvement of glial cells in the development of morphine tolerance","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/9\/1438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:59:43Z","timestamp":1760165983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/9\/1438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox10091438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10091438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]}}}