{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T12:45:40Z","timestamp":1785156340902,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015R1A5A2008833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015R1A5A2008833"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018749","name":"Korea Brain Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-BR-03-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-BR-03-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Information &amp; Communications Technology Planning &amp; Evaluation (ITTP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2019-0-00725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-0-00725"]}]},{"name":"Lee Jung Ja research grant of Gyeongsang National University Hospital","award":["LJJ-GNUH-2018-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJJ-GNUH-2018-005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an inflammatory protein with diverse functions in the brain. Although many studies have investigated the mechanism of LCN2 in brain injuries, the effect of LCN2 on amyloid-toxicity-related memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) has been less studied. We investigated the role of LCN2 in human AD patients using a mouse model of AD. We created an AD mouse model by injecting amyloid-beta oligomer (A\u03b2O) into the hippocampus. In this model, animals exhibited impaired learning and memory. We found LCN2 upregulation in the human brain frontal lobe, as well as a positive correlation between white matter ischemic changes and serum LCN2. We also found increased astrocytic LCN2, microglia activation, iron accumulation, and blood\u2013brain barrier disruption in A\u03b2O-treated hippocampi. These findings suggest that LCN2 is involved in a variety of amyloid toxicity mechanisms, especially neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T14:37:48Z","timestamp":1634827068000},"page":"1657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Role of Lipocalin-2 in Amyloid-Beta Oligomer-Induced Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5404-1674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heeyoung","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Joo","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeong Seok","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0540-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Youl","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaewoong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Ae","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu Yeong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Alzheimer\u2019s & Related Dementia Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0302-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catriona","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4144-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Alzheimer\u2019s & Related Dementia Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"},{"name":"Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Kyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae Ryong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4010-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gu Seob","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e12179","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease drug development pipeline: 2021","volume":"7","author":"Cummings","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S200490","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S567","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-179941","article-title":"The Amyloid-beta Oligomer Hypothesis: Beginning of the Third Decade","volume":"64","author":"Cline","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-202457","article-title":"Lipocalin 2: Novel component of proinflammatory signaling in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Naude","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2014.68","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 modulates the cellular response to amyloid beta","volume":"21","author":"Mesquita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.03.023","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of lipocalin 2 in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"305","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"646","article-title":"Plasma lipocalin-2 levels in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Eruysal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1372-5","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 contributes to brain iron dysregulation but does not affect cognition, plaque load, and glial activation in the J20 Alzheimer mouse model","volume":"15","author":"Dekens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218497110","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes secrete lcn2 to promote neuron death","volume":"110","author":"Bi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.07.002","article-title":"Chronic cerebral lipocalin 2 exposure elicits hippocampal neuronal dysfunction and cognitive impairment","volume":"97","author":"Olson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlaa017","article-title":"Hippocampal Lipocalin 2 Is Associated With Neuroinflammation and Iron-Related Oxidative Stress in ob\/ob Mice","volume":"79","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00122","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 is involved in emotional behaviors and cognitive function","volume":"7","author":"Ferreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.243","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 protects the brain during inflammatory conditions","volume":"23","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160330","article-title":"Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and its Receptors in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD) Brain Regions: Differential Findings in AD with and without Depression","volume":"55","author":"Dekens","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663837","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.663837","article-title":"Association Between Iron-Related Protein Lipocalin 2 and Cognitive Impairment in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum","volume":"13","author":"Taipa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.6.1318","article-title":"A new rating scale for age-related white matter changes applicable to MRI and CT","volume":"32","author":"Wahlund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.02.003","article-title":"The CAMKK2-AMPK kinase pathway mediates the synaptotoxic effects of Abeta oligomers through Tau phosphorylation","volume":"78","author":"Courchet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1498","article-title":"Resveratrol attenuates obesity-associated peripheral and central inflammation and improves memory deficit in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"61","author":"Jeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00106","article-title":"Automated Morphological Analysis of Microglia After Stroke","volume":"12","author":"Heindl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"575","article-title":"Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Kinney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00235","article-title":"Microglia Morphological Categorization in a Rat Model of Neuroinflammation by Hierarchical Cluster and Principal Components Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Grondona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamazaki, Y., and Kanekiyo, T. (2017). Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091965"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26134","article-title":"Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Relationship to Alzheimer and Vascular Disease","volume":"90","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00914","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier Tight Junction in Central Nervous System Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Lochhead","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behl, T., Kaur, G., Sehgal, A., Bhardwaj, S., Singh, S., Buhas, C., Judea-Pusta, C., Uivarosan, D., Munteanu, M.A., and Bungau, S. (2021). Multifaceted Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031413"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.154724","article-title":"Matrix metalloprotease-9 inhibition improves amyloid beta-mediated cognitive impairment and neurotoxicity in mice","volume":"331","author":"Mizoguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43855","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.299248","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 Is a chemokine inducer in the central nervous system: Role of chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) in lipocalin-2-induced cell migration","volume":"286","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00114","article-title":"Deciphering the Astrocyte Reaction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.10.027","article-title":"A cell-surface receptor for lipocalin 24p3 selectively mediates apoptosis and iron uptake","volume":"123","author":"Devireddy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00180","article-title":"Iron in Neurodegeneration\u2014Cause or Consequence?","volume":"13","author":"Ndayisaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1306.007","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1: Transducer of pathological brain iron sequestration under oxidative stress","volume":"1012","author":"Schipper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06160.x","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 and neurodegeneration: Expanding frontiers of engagement","volume":"110","author":"Schipper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0433-4","article-title":"The role of microglia in amyloid clearance from the AD brain","volume":"117","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1438","article-title":"Human amyloid-beta synthesis and clearance rates as measured in cerebrospinal fluid in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Bateman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01062","article-title":"Rusty Microglia: Trainers of Innate Immunity in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Sfera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toral-Rios, D., Patino-Lopez, G., Gomez-Lira, G., Gutierrez, R., Becerril-Perez, F., Rosales-Cordova, A., Leon-Contreras, J.C., Hernandez-Pando, R., Leon-Rivera, I., and Soto-Cruz, I. (2020). Activation of STAT3 Regulates Reactive Astrogliosis and Neuronal Death Induced by AbetaO Neurotoxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207458"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2014.23.2.155","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 Acts as a Neuroinflammatogen in Lipopolysaccharide-injected Mice","volume":"23","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.12.027","article-title":"HMGB1 gene silencing inhibits neuroinflammation via down-regulation of NF-kappaB signaling in primary hippocampal neurons induced by Abeta25-35","volume":"67","author":"Nan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.6b00250","article-title":"Dipeptidyl Vinyl Sulfone as a Novel Chemical Tool to Inhibit HMGB1\/NLRP3-Inflammasome and Inflamma-miRs in Abeta-Mediated Microglial Inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Falcao","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paudel, Y.N., Angelopoulou, E., Piperi, C., Othman, I., Aamir, K., and Shaikh, M.F. (2020). Impact of HMGB1, RAGE, and TLR4 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD): From Risk Factors to Therapeutic Targeting. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020383"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13653","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 regulates iron homeostasis, neuroinflammation, and insulin resistance in the brains of patients with dementia: Evidence from the current literature","volume":"27","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.04.088","article-title":"Mechanisms of homocysteine neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases with special reference to dementia","volume":"580","author":"Obeid","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01443","article-title":"Iron Metabolism, Ferroptosis, and the Links With Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.022","article-title":"Activated iron-containing microglia in the human hippocampus identified by magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer disease","volume":"36","author":"Zeineh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14373-2","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid lipocalin 2 as a novel biomarker for the differential diagnosis of vascular dementia","volume":"11","author":"Llorens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23174","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived lipocalin-2 mediates hippocampal damage and cognitive deficits in experimental models of vascular dementia","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","article-title":"The Neurovascular Unit Coming of Age: A Journey through Neurovascular Coupling in Health and Disease","volume":"96","author":"Iadecola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11934","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11934","article-title":"Early role of vascular dysregulation on late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease based on multifactorial data-driven analysis","volume":"7","author":"Sotero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0297-y","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction","volume":"25","author":"Nation","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Li, W., Lin, L., Lo, E.H., and Xing, C. (2019). Effects of lipocalin-2 on brain endothelial adhesion and permeability. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218965"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.10.011","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 elicited by advanced glycation end-products promotes the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"1833","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01876-4","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 induces neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction through liver-brain axis in murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"17","author":"Mondal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0670-z","article-title":"HMGB1 and thrombin mediate the blood-brain barrier dysfunction acting as biomarkers of neuroinflammation and progression to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Festoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37258","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106089200","article-title":"The high molecular weight urinary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is a complex of gelatinase B\/MMP-9 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Modulation of MMP-9 activity by NGAL","volume":"276","author":"Yan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/11\/1657\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:20:32Z","timestamp":1760167232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/11\/1657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox10111657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10111657","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]}}}