{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:34:03Z","timestamp":1791416043943,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preterm babies are highly susceptible to oxidative stress (OS) due to an imbalance between the oxidant and antioxidant systems. The generation of free radicals (FR) induces oxidative damage to multiple body organs and systems. OS is the main factor responsible for the development of typical premature infant diseases, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, kidney damage, eryptosis, and also respiratory distress syndrome and patent ductus arteriosus. Many biomarkers have been detected to early identify newborns at risk of developing a free radical-mediated disease and to investigate new antioxidant strategies. This review reports the current knowledge on OS in the preterm newborns and the newest findings concerning the use of OS biomarkers as diagnostic tools, as well as in implementing antioxidant therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of these diseases and their sequelae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T22:06:16Z","timestamp":1635113176000},"page":"1672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Oxidative Stress in Preterm Newborns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0357-921X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Lembo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7921-7485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Buonocore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5478-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serafina","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neonatology Unit, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: A systematic analysis and implications","volume":"379","author":"Blencowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61698-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000\u201313, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: An updated systematic analysis","volume":"385","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.00021.x","article-title":"Classification and heterogeneity of preterm birth","volume":"110","author":"Moutquin","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800418791028","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Preterm Birth: An Integrative Review","volume":"20","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e936","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1620","article-title":"Differences in Rates and Short-term Outcome of Live Births Before 32 Weeks of Gestation in Europe in 2003: Results From the MOSAIC Cohort","volume":"121","author":"Zeitlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.11.1053","article-title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Minor Neuromotor Dysfunctions at Age 5 Years in Prematurely Born Children","volume":"161","author":"Arnaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb13880.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of tissue injury by oxygen radicals: Implications for neonatal disease","volume":"85","author":"Saugstad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80279-2","article-title":"Development of lung antioxidant enzyme system in late gestation: Possible implications for the prematurely born infant","volume":"110","author":"Frank","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e439","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0434","article-title":"Preterm Resuscitation With Low Oxygen Causes Less Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Chronic Lung Disease","volume":"124","author":"Vento","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200207000-00010","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Preterm Neonates at Birth and on the Seventh Day of Life","volume":"52","author":"Buonocore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S178","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000302968.83244.d2","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in the Preterm Newborn","volume":"45","author":"Perrone","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F188","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.84.3.F188","article-title":"Blood transfusion increases radical promoting non-transferrin bound iron in preterm infants","volume":"84","author":"Hirano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child.-Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.13075\/mp.5893.00137","article-title":"Today\u2019s oxidative stress markers","volume":"66","author":"Czerska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Pr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761264","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/761264","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Prooxidants, and Antioxidants: The Interplay","volume":"2014","author":"Rahal","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540051081010","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Defenses, and Damage Removal, Repair, and Replacement Systems","volume":"50","author":"Davies","year":"2001","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v5.i2.172","article-title":"Fetal programming and early identification of newborns at high risk of free radical-mediated diseases","volume":"5","author":"Perrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.59566\/IJBS.2008.4089","article-title":"Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health","volume":"4","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1593811","article-title":"Fetal Programming, Maternal Nutrition, and Oxidative Stress Hypothesis","volume":"06","author":"Tataranno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1152249","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction\u2014Part 1","volume":"29","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.718004","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress in fetal and neonatal diseases","volume":"25","author":"Perrone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2007.03.004","article-title":"Association between oxidative stress in pregnancy and preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"40","author":"Longini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.02.017","article-title":"Isoprostanes in amniotic fluid: A predictive marker for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy","volume":"38","author":"Longini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.08.084","article-title":"Placental histological examination and the relationship with oxidative stress in preterm infants","volume":"46","author":"Perrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.796170","article-title":"Brain susceptibility to oxidative stress in the perinatal period","volume":"28","author":"Perrone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2016.00143","article-title":"Oxygen Use in Neonatal Care: A Two-edged Sword","volume":"4","author":"Perrone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.034","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress in the fetus and in the newborn","volume":"142","author":"Perrone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.08-221","article-title":"Resuscitation of Preterm Infants with Reduced Oxygen Results in Less Oxidative Stress than Resuscitation with 100% Oxygen","volume":"44","author":"Ezaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1084-2756(98)80004-3","article-title":"The antioxidant status of erythrocytes in preterm and term infants","volume":"3","author":"Bracci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"163","author":"Jobe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.272055098","article-title":"Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Review of State-of-the-Art Imaging Findings with Pathologic Correlation","volume":"27","author":"Epelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg116","article-title":"Non protein bound iron as early predictive marker of neonatal brain damage","volume":"126","author":"Buonocore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2190001","article-title":"Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease","volume":"219","author":"Halliwell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2741\/e52","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress in babies at high risk for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"E1","author":"Buonocore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(07)33006-1","article-title":"Quantification of F2-Isoprostanes in Biological Fluids and Tissues as a Measure of Oxidant Stress","volume":"433","author":"Milne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.007","article-title":"Plasma F2-isoprostanes are elevated in newborns and inversely correlated to gestational age","volume":"37","author":"Comporti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2010.04.003","article-title":"Oxygen toxicity: Chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species","volume":"15","author":"Buonocore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101087","article-title":"Oxidative stress biomarkers in the perinatal period: Diagnostic and prognostic value","volume":"25","author":"Perrone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(03)00014-6","article-title":"4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal: A product and mediator of oxidative stress","volume":"42","author":"Uchida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"315","article-title":"4-Hydroxynonenal in the Pathomechanisms of Oxidative Stress","volume":"50","author":"Poli","year":"2001","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C537","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00101.2016","article-title":"4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal: A critical target in oxidative stress?","volume":"311","author":"Breitzig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051591","article-title":"Advanced glycation end-products: A review","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2174\/1874205X01206010051","article-title":"The Relation of Urinary 8-OHdG, A Marker of Oxidative Stress to DNA, and Clinical Outcomes for Ischemic Stroke","volume":"6","author":"Nakajima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Neurol. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.05.006","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxemia and oxidative stress in preterm infants","volume":"266","author":"Vento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.03.008","article-title":"Early identification of the risk for free radical-related diseases in preterm newborns","volume":"86","author":"Perrone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2015.04.011","article-title":"Plasma Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Brain Injury","volume":"42","author":"Tataranno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318163a1fd","article-title":"Plasma Esterified F2-Isoprostanes and Oxidative Stress in Newborns: Role of Nonprotein-Bound Iron","volume":"63","author":"Signorini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6317","article-title":"Clinical Relevance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress","volume":"23","author":"Frijhoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6501046","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6501046","article-title":"Measurement and Clinical Significance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans","volume":"2017","author":"Marrocco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"287","article-title":"First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid","volume":"54","author":"Ighodaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alex. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"379","article-title":"Measurements of the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Su-peroxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione Peroxidase","volume":"Volume 80","author":"Starkov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mitochondria"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-016-0741-7","article-title":"Septal Cartilage\/Ethmoid Bone Composite Graft: A New and Improved Method for the Correction Underdeveloped Nasal Septum in Patients with Short Noses","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.3.1748","article-title":"Visfatin, an Adipocytokine with Proinflammatory and Immunomodulating Properties","volume":"178","author":"Moschen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632015607952","article-title":"Visfatin: New marker of oxidative stress in preterm newborns","volume":"29","author":"Marseglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140066","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0066","article-title":"The placenta: A multifaceted, transient organ","volume":"370","author":"Burton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"221","article-title":"Maternal obesity and perinatal oxidative stress: The strength of the association","volume":"31","author":"Negro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Boil. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760902783285","article-title":"Oxidative stress in small-for-gestational age (SGA) term newborns and their mothers","volume":"43","author":"Sunjic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15918","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160715918","article-title":"Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial DNA Damage and Their Role in Age-Related Vascular Dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"Mikhed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R95","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl095","article-title":"The emerging science of epigenomics","volume":"15","author":"Callinan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1131","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00063.2013","article-title":"Nox2 as a potential target of mitochondrial superoxide and its role in endothelial oxidative stress","volume":"305","author":"Nazarewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2010.05.005","article-title":"Interplay between microRNAs and the epigenetic machinery: An intricate network","volume":"1799","author":"Iorio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103068","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/103068","article-title":"Involvement of miRNAs in Placental Alterations Mediated by Oxidative Stress","volume":"2014","author":"Rudov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200002000-00012","article-title":"Total Hydroperoxide and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products in Preterm Hypoxic Babies","volume":"47","author":"Buonocore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396313666170718151248","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the increased hemolysis in the fetus and newborn","volume":"13","author":"Buonocore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2014.12.001","article-title":"A novel approach to study oxidative stress in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Negi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BBA Clin."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"BC17","article-title":"Circulating Protein Carbonyls, Antioxidant Enzymes and Related Trace Minerals among Preterms with Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.534","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Anti-Oxidant Markers in Premature Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Hamid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0464-y","article-title":"Oxidative stress markers in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: Advanced oxidation protein products and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in relation to disease severity","volume":"87","author":"Elkabany","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.08.031","article-title":"Oxidative stress and bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"678","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4847.101683","article-title":"Oxidative stress and bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"1","author":"Buonocore","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13552.x","article-title":"Early protein oxidation in the neonatal lung is related to development of chronic lung disease","volume":"84","author":"Varsila","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2013.01.002","article-title":"The role of hyperoxia in the pathogenesis of experimental BPD","volume":"37","author":"Buczynski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F412","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2002.016717","article-title":"Pulmonary antioxidant concentrations and oxidative damage in ventilated premature babies","volume":"89","author":"Collard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child.-Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2011.588229","article-title":"Correlation of urinary inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in very low birth weight infants with subsequent development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"45","author":"Joung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2016.01.004","article-title":"Correlates of Elevated Interleukin-6 and 8-Hydroxy-2\u2032-Deoxyguanosine Levels in Tracheal Aspirates from Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Develop Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"58","author":"Hsiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrante, G., Carota, G., Volti, G.L., and Giuffr\u00e8, M. (2021). Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress for Neonatal Lung Disease. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.618867"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.06.032","article-title":"Total oxidant status and oxidative stress are increased in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"46","author":"Aydemir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.663197","article-title":"May oxidative stress biomarkers in cord blood predict the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants?","volume":"25","author":"Perrone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2017.11.002","article-title":"Changing the paradigm of defining, detecting, and diagnosing NEC: Perspectives on Bell\u2019s stages and biomarkers for NEC","volume":"27","author":"Gephart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2007.01.012","article-title":"Oxidative kidney damage in preterm newborns during perinatal period","volume":"40","author":"Perrone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768365","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2768365","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Related Diseases in Newborns","volume":"2016","author":"Ozsurekci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1651-6","article-title":"Isoprostane levels in urine of preterm newborns treated with ibuprofen for patent ductus arteriosus closure","volume":"26","author":"Longini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769009145692","article-title":"Spin Trapping of Ibuprofen Radicals: Evidence That Ibuprofen is a Hydroxyl Radical Scavenger","volume":"9","author":"Hamburger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.892166","article-title":"Impact of Patent Ductus Arter\u0131osus and Subsequent Therapy with Ibuprofen on The Release of S-100B and Ox\u0131dat\u0131ve Stress Index in Preterm Infants","volume":"20","author":"Tuncer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1544948","article-title":"Antioxidants and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Preterm Infants with Symptomatic Patent Ductus Arteriosus","volume":"32","author":"Inayat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00555","article-title":"Isoprostanes as Biomarker for Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants","volume":"8","author":"Coviello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.796166","article-title":"Different gestational ages and changing vulnerability of the premature brain","volume":"28","author":"Sannia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200102000-00013","article-title":"Non-Protein-Bound Iron Is Elevated in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Preterm Infants with Posthemorrhagic Ventricular Dilatation","volume":"49","author":"Savman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.74","article-title":"Increasing F2-isoprostanes in the first month after birth predicts poor respiratory and neurodevelopmental outcomes in very preterm infants","volume":"36","author":"Matthews","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.04.038","article-title":"The challenge of understanding cerebral white matter injury in the premature infant","volume":"276","author":"Elitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00369","article-title":"Oxidative Stress as a Primary Risk Factor for Brain Damage in Preterm Newborns","volume":"6","author":"Panfoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X04000055","article-title":"Adenosine: An activity-dependent axonal signal regulating MAP kinase and proliferation in developing Schwann cells","volume":"1","author":"Stevens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.03.007","article-title":"Why do premature newborn infants display elevated blood adenosine levels?","volume":"90","author":"Panfoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coviello, C., Perrone, S., Buonocore, G., Negro, S., Longini, M., Dani, C., de Vries, L.S., Groenendaal, F., Vijlbrief, D.C., and Benders, M.J.N.L. (2021). Isoprostanes as Biomarker for White Matter Injury in Extremely Preterm Infants. Front. Pediatr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.618622"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"124","article-title":"Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"78","author":"Bashinsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. C. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"458","article-title":"Pro-Oxidants and Antioxidants in Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"57","author":"Banjac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Croat."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"413","article-title":"The estimation of selected parameters in antioxidant system in red blood cells in ROP screening of premature infants","volume":"108","author":"Dzienis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Klin. Ocz."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210901900112","article-title":"Oxidative DNA Damage in Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"19","author":"Ates","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graziosi, A., Perrotta, M., Russo, D., Gasparroni, G., D\u2019Egidio, C., Marinelli, B., Di Marzio, G., Falconio, G., Mastropasqua, L., and Volti, G.L. (2020). Oxidative Stress Markers and the Retinopathy of Prematurity. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092711"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1701","article-title":"The development of nociceptive circuits","volume":"6","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.8.947","article-title":"Fetal Pain","volume":"294","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0984","article-title":"Infant pain management: A developmental neurobiological approach","volume":"5","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759287","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3759287","article-title":"Oxidative Stress as a Physiological Pain Response in Full-Term Newborns","volume":"2017","author":"Perrone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000113768.50419.CD","article-title":"Oral Glucose before Venepuncture Relieves Neonates of Pain, but Stress Is Still Evidenced by Increase in Oxygen Consumption, Energy Expenditure, and Heart Rate","volume":"55","author":"Bauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R473","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00355.2012","article-title":"Reciprocal regulation of the nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase pathway in pathophysiology: Relevance and clinical implications","volume":"304","author":"Salvemini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.08.025","article-title":"Even routine painful procedures can be harmful for the newborn","volume":"147","author":"Bellieni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.03.010","article-title":"Procedural Pain and Oxidative Stress in Premature Neonates","volume":"13","author":"Slater","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2017.09.002","article-title":"Preterm newborn pain research review","volume":"49","author":"Field","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0744-6","article-title":"The influence of pain, agitation, and their management on the immature brain","volume":"88","author":"McPherson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.04.055","article-title":"Neonatal Pain and Infection Relate to Smaller Cerebellum in Very Preterm Children at School Age","volume":"167","author":"Ranger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313414","article-title":"Cognitive trajectories from infancy to early adulthood following birth before 26 weeks of gestation: A prospective, population-based cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Linsell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e3283423e51","article-title":"Future applications of antioxidants in premature infants","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Angelo, G., Chimenz, R., Reiter, R.J., and Gitto, E. (2020). Use of Melatonin in Oxidative Stress Related Neonatal Diseases. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9060477"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2013.811271","article-title":"Melatonin replacement therapy in preterm infants: The impact of pharmacokinetics","volume":"6","author":"Poeggeler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carloni, S., Proietti, F., Rocchi, M., Longini, M., Marseglia, L., D\u2019Angelo, G., Balduini, W., Gitto, E., and Buonocore, G. (2017). Melatonin Pharmacokinetics Following Oral Administration in Preterm Neonates. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22122115"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00251.x","article-title":"Correlation among cytokines, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and modality of ventilation in preterm newborns: Improvement with melatonin treatment","volume":"39","author":"Gitto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12415","article-title":"Is melatonin ready to be used in preterm infants as a neuroprotectant?","volume":"56","author":"Biran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.06.040","article-title":"Melatonin ameliorates necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model","volume":"46","author":"Guven","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721043","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/721043","article-title":"Antioxidant Strategies and Respiratory Disease of the Preterm Newborn: An Update","volume":"2014","author":"Poggi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9733","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-24-09733.2001","article-title":"Erythropoietin Regulates theIn VitroandIn VivoProduction of Neuronal Progenitors by Mammalian Forebrain Neural Stem Cells","volume":"21","author":"Shingo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"97","article-title":"Neuroprotective role of erythropoietin in neonates","volume":"25","author":"Juul","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2012.78","article-title":"Outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants given early high-dose erythropoietin","volume":"33","author":"McAdams","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.02.052","article-title":"Safety of Early High-Dose Recombinant Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Very Preterm Infants","volume":"167","author":"Koller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1907423","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Preterm Infants","volume":"382","author":"Juul","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101806","article-title":"Network based statistics reveals trophic and neuroprotective effect of early high dose erythropoetin on brain connectivity in very preterm infants","volume":"22","author":"Jakab","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2010.24.2.108","article-title":"Retinal Protective Effects of Resveratrol via Modulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase on Oxygen-induced Retinopathy","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.157941","article-title":"Early Intervention of Tyrosine Nitration Prevents Vaso-Obliteration and Neovascularization in Ischemic Retinopathy","volume":"332","author":"Abdelsaid","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.12.006","article-title":"Pharmacologic interventions for the prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"40","author":"Beharry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3940241","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3940241","article-title":"Ischemic Retinopathies: Oxidative Stress and Inflammation","volume":"2017","author":"Rivera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2741\/4382","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity an oxidative stress neonatal disease","volume":"21","author":"Stone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderveen, D.K., Martin, C.R., Mehendale, R., Allred, E.N., Dammann, O., and Leviton, A. (2013). for the ELGAN Study Investigators Early Nutrition and Weight Gain in Preterm Newborns and the Risk of Retinopathy of Prematurity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064325"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-009-0047-5","article-title":"Serum lutein concentrations in healthy term infants fed human milk or infant formula with lutein","volume":"49","author":"Bettler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"86","article-title":"Carotenoid supply in breast-fed and formula-fed neonates","volume":"159","author":"Sommerburg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5964","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666171002114545","article-title":"IGF-1 as a Drug for Preterm Infants: A Step-Wise Clinical Development","volume":"23","author":"Ley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108251","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/108251","article-title":"New Antioxidant Drugs for Neonatal Brain Injury","volume":"2015","author":"Tataranno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endesfelder, S., Weichelt, U., Strau\u00df, E., Schl\u00f6r, A., Sifringer, M., Scheuer, T., B\u00fchrer, C., and Schmitz, T. (2017). Neuroprotection by Caffeine in Hyperoxia-Induced Neonatal Brain Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010187"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800419900231","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Biomarker Decreased in Preterm Neonates Treated With Kangaroo Mother Care","volume":"22","author":"Forde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/11\/1672\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:21:58Z","timestamp":1760167318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/11\/1672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox10111672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10111672","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]}}}