{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T08:52:57Z","timestamp":1782809577530,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chondroitin sulfates (CS) are a class of sulfated glycosaminoglycans involved in many biological processes. Several studies reported their protective effect against neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer\u2019s disease. CS are commonly derived from animal sources, but ethical concerns, the risk of contamination with animal proteins, and the difficulty in controlling the sulfation pattern have prompted research towards non-animal sources. Here we exploited two microbiological-chemical sourced CS (i.e., CS-A,C and CS-A,C,K,L) and Carbopol 974P NF\/agarose semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (i.e., P.NaOH.0 and P.Ethanol.0) to set up a release system, and tested the neuroprotective role of released CS against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. After assessing that our CS (1\u2013100 \u00b5M) require a 3 h pre-treatment for neuroprotection with SH-SY5Y cells, we evaluated whether the autoclave type (i.e., N- or B-type) affects hydrogel viscoelastic properties. We selected B-type autoclaves and repeated the study after loading CS (1 or 0.1 mg CS\/0.5 mL gel). After loading 1 mg CS\/0.5 mL gel, we evaluated CS release up to 7 days by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay and verified the neuroprotective role of CS-A,C (1 \u00b5M) in the supernatants. We observed that CS-A,C exhibits a broader neuroprotective effect than CS-A,C,K,L. Moreover, sulfation pattern affects not only neuroprotection, but also drug release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T10:23:17Z","timestamp":1637058197000},"page":"1816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Microbiological-Chemical Sourced Chondroitin Sulfates Protect Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells against Oxidative Stress and Are Suitable for Hydrogel-Based Controlled Release"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4923-3756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Bedini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Iadonisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1066-843X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Schiraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via L. De Crecchio 7, I-80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via M. Negri 2, I-20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7050-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Albani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via M. Negri 2, I-20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5081-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Petrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering \u201cG. Natta\u201d, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering \u201cG. Natta\u201d, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2507-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Tunesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering \u201cG. Natta\u201d, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, E., and Merzendorfer, H. (2019). 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