{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:43:01Z","timestamp":1792179781210,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRZZ-IP-2013-11-8366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-IP-2013-11-8366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRZZ-IP-2016-06-1998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-IP-2016-06-1998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although considered a good alternative to organophosphate pesticides, there are reports indicating adverse effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on reproduction. Our aim was to assess the effects of exposure to low doses of imidacloprid on antioxidant state, DNA damage, and concentration of essential elements in the testes and epididymis using a rat model. Adult male Wistar rats were orally treated with doses comparable to currently proposed health-based reference values: 0.06 (ADI), 0.80 (10\u00d7 AOEL), or 2.25 (1\/200 LD50) mg\/kg b.w.\/day for 28 consecutive days. Exposure to 2.25 mg\/kg b.w.\/day of imidacloprid resulted in a significantly lower testis weight (1.30 \u00b1 0.17 g compared to 1.63 \u00b1 0.15 g in controls). Treatment with 0.06 mg\/kg b.w.\/day increased the level of reduced glutathione in the epididymis (73%), while the activities of epididymal glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase significantly increased in all treated rats (74\u201392% and 26\u201339%, respectively). Exposure to imidacloprid resulted in a low, but significant, level of DNA damage in testicular sperm cells regardless of the concentration applied (&lt;28% compared to the negative control). Higher concentrations of Mo were measured in the testes of rats treated with 0.80 and 2.25 mg\/kg b.w.\/day (72.9 \u00b1 7.9 and 73.9 \u00b1 9.1 mg\/g, respectively) compared to the control animals (60.5 \u00b1 7.8 mg\/g). Higher concentrations of Na were measured in the testes of rats treated with 2.25 mg\/kg b.w.\/day (1679 \u00b1 82 mg\/g compared to 1562 \u00b1 56 mg\/g in controls). The fact that such low doses of imidacloprid were able to produce measurable biological effects calls for the further evaluation of this widely used insecticide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:52:32Z","timestamp":1639086752000},"page":"1965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Effects of Sub-Chronic Exposure to Imidacloprid on Reproductive Organs of Adult Male Rats: Antioxidant State, DNA Damage, and Levels of Essential Elements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5908-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanka","family":"Tariba Lovakovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2151-0400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vilena","family":"Ka\u0161uba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6855-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankica","family":"Sekovani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9301-4035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatjana","family":"Orct","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4473-5810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonija","family":"Jan\u010dec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0216-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alica","family":"Pizent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0441-7","article-title":"Trends in neonicotinoid pesticide residues in food and water in the United States, 1999\u20132015","volume":"18","author":"Craddock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EM00586B","article-title":"A critical review on the potential impacts of neonicotinoid insecticide use: Current knowledge of environmental fate, toxicity, and implications for human health","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Processes Impacts"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"US EPA (2021, August 20). Imidacloprid\u2014Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision Case Number 7605, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-01\/documents\/imidacloprid_pid_signed_1.22.2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930","article-title":"Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: Mechanisms of selective action","volume":"45","author":"Tomizawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.09.121","article-title":"Dose-related impacts of imidacloprid oral intoxication on brain and liver of rock pigeon (Columba livia domestica), residues analysis in different organs","volume":"167","author":"Alam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.2826","article-title":"Insecticide imidacloprid induces morphological and DNA damage through oxidative toxicity on the reproductive organs of developing male rats","volume":"30","author":"Bal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2012.663311","article-title":"Assessment of imidacloprid toxicity on reproductive organ system of adult male rats","volume":"47","author":"Bal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health B"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052429","article-title":"Mechanism of Neonicotinoid Toxicity: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Metabolism","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113748","article-title":"Enrichment of imidacloprid and its metabolites in lizards and its toxic effects on gonads","volume":"258","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2478\/aiht-2018-69-3144","article-title":"Imidacloprid as reproductive toxicant and endocrine disruptor: Investigations in laboratory animals","volume":"69","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arh Hig Rada Toksikol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000109","DOI":"10.4172\/2476-2067.1000109","article-title":"The neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid: A male reproductive system toxicity inducer-human and experimental study","volume":"2","author":"Hafez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Open Access"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22132","article-title":"Evaluation of ameliorative effect of curcumin on imidacloprid-induced male reproductive toxicity in Wistar rats","volume":"10","author":"Lonare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"9","article-title":"The effect of chronic exposure with imidacloprid insecticide on fertility in mature male rats","volume":"4","author":"Najafi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Steril"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112435","article-title":"Thymol alleviates imidacloprid-induced testicular toxicity by modulating oxidative stress and expression of steroidogenesis and apoptosis-related genes in adult male rats","volume":"221","author":"Saber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122203","article-title":"Oxidative stress and male reproductive health","volume":"16","author":"Aitken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12630","article-title":"Orchestrating the antioxidant defenses in the epididymis","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"90","article-title":"Pesticides induced oxidative stress in mammalian systems: A review","volume":"1","author":"Agarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.1.1.6843","article-title":"Antioxidant systems and oxidative stress in the testes","volume":"1","author":"Aitken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13577","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13577","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in male reproduction: A boon or a bane?","volume":"53","author":"Baskaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell B"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"8","article-title":"Glutathione!","volume":"13","author":"Pizzorno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02185.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress in normospermic men undergoing infertility evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Pasqualotto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.10.069","article-title":"Antioxidant strategies in the epididymis","volume":"216","author":"Vernet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahajan, L., Verma, P.K., Raina, R., and Sood, S. (2018). Potentiating effect of imidacloprid on arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rats. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-018-0239-9"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-019-0096-4","article-title":"Colibri\u00ae insecticide induces male reproductive toxicity: Alleviating effects of Lannea acida (Anacardiaceae) in rats","volume":"29","author":"Tetsatsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Androl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.05.040","article-title":"Toxicogenetic effects of low concentrations of the pesticides imidacloprid and sulfentrazone individually and in combination in in vitro tests with HepG2 cells and Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"120","author":"Bianchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"612647","article-title":"Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to neonicotinoid insecticides news","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2008.09.018","article-title":"Genotoxicity of imidacloprid in relation to metabolic activation and composition of the commercial product","volume":"672","author":"Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.10.005","article-title":"Assessing the genotoxicity of imidacloprid and RH-5849 in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro with comet assay and cytogenetic tests","volume":"61","author":"Feng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109287","article-title":"Effects of low-level imidacloprid oral exposure on cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress responses, and primary DNA damage in the blood and brain of male Wistar rats","volume":"338","author":"Kopjar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1021\/jf504895h","article-title":"Oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by imidacloprid in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"63","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00028-5","article-title":"Micronutrients and genomic stability: A new paradigm for recommended dietary allowances (RDAs)","volume":"40","author":"Fenech","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Scientific Report (2008). Conclusion regarding the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance imidacloprid. EFSA J., 148, 1\u2013120.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2008.120r"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (2018, October 05). Toxicological Evaluations: Imidacloprid. Available online: http:\/\/www.inchem.org\/jmpr\/jmprmono\/2001pr07.htm."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2018, October 05). European Comission. EU Pesticides Database, 2016. Imidacloprid. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/plant\/pesticides\/eu-pesticidesdatabase\/public\/?event=activesubstance.detail&language=EN&selectedID=1473."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21881","article-title":"Vehicle and positive control values from the in vivo rodent comet assay and biomonitoring studies using human lymphocytes: Historical database and influence of technical aspects","volume":"55","author":"Pant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"921","article-title":"European Community-FLAIR common assay for whole-blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); Results of an inter-laboratory trial","volume":"49","author":"Belsten","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"928","article-title":"European community: FLAIR common assay for erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD); Results of an interlaboratory trial","volume":"49","author":"Belsten","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(58)90014-6","article-title":"A colorimetric method for determining low concentrations of mercaptans","volume":"74","author":"Ellman","year":"1958","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2683(19990701)20:10<2133::AID-ELPS2133>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Single cell gel electrophoresis: Detection of DNA damage at different levels of sensitivity","volume":"20","author":"Angelis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/ger003","article-title":"Characterization of chromosomal damage accumulated in freeze-dried mouse spermatozoa preserved under ambient and heat stress conditions","volume":"26","author":"Kusakabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(02)00021-0","article-title":"Abnormal chromosome migration and chromosome aberrations in mouse oocytes during meiosis II in the presence of topoisomerase II inhibitor ICRF-193","volume":"502","author":"Tateno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(88)90265-0","article-title":"A simple technique for quantization of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells","volume":"175","author":"Singh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1218(96)00061-4","article-title":"An investigation of bone marrow and testicular cells in vivo using the comet assay","volume":"370","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-117-5-1874","article-title":"Nicotinic cholinergic agonists inhibit androgen biosynthesis by cultured rat testicular cells","volume":"117","author":"Kasson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2015.48.4.274","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymes as redox-based biomarkers: A brief review","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, P.Y., Scarlata, E., and O\u2019Flaherty, C. (2020). Long-term adverse effects of oxidative stress on rat epididymis and spermatozoa. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020170"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10312","article-title":"Contribution of epididymal secretory proteins for spermatozoa maturation","volume":"61","author":"Dacheux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2583","article-title":"Mammalian glutathione peroxidases control acquisition and maintenance of spermatozoa integrity","volume":"88","author":"Chabory","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.3.696","article-title":"Dynamic changes in gene expression along the rat epididymis","volume":"65","author":"Jervis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.012989","article-title":"Immunophysiology and pathology of inflammation in the testis and epididymis","volume":"32","author":"Hedger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.12.009","article-title":"Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer","volume":"160","author":"Valko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2019-0008","article-title":"An overview on role of some trace elements in human reproductive health, sperm function and fertilization process","volume":"34","author":"Mirnamniha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa093","article-title":"The Na+ and K+ transport system of sperm (ATP1A4) is essential for male fertility and an attractive target for male contraception","volume":"103","author":"Syeda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016902108","article-title":"Na,K-ATPase \u03b14 isoform is essential for sperm fertility","volume":"108","author":"Jimenez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08302","article-title":"Molybdenum cofactors, enzymes and pathways","volume":"460","author":"Schwarz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2013.826296","article-title":"Dual effects of molybdenum on mouse oocyte quality and ovarian oxidative stress","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.09.020","article-title":"Biomarkers of exposure to molybdenum and other metals in relation to testosterone among men from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011\u20132012","volume":"103","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.09.044","article-title":"Environmental exposure to metals and male reproductive hormones: Circulating testosterone is inversely associated with blood molybdenum","volume":"93","author":"Meeker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.09.004","article-title":"DNA damage and oxidative stress induced by imidacloprid exposure in the earthworm Eisenia fetida","volume":"144","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.03.002","article-title":"The genotoxic efects of the imidacloprid-based insecticide formulation Glacoxan Imida on Montevideo tree frog Hypsiboas pulchellus tadpoles (Anura, Hylidae)","volume":"104","author":"Nikolof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.07.007","article-title":"Investigating the potential protective effects of natural product quercetin against imidacloprid-induced biochemical toxicity and DNA damage in adult rats","volume":"6","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"82","article-title":"Protective effect of broccoli and ferulic acid on imidacloprid-induced neurotoxicity in rats","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233718762609","article-title":"Investigation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of widely used neonicotinoid insecticides in HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"34","author":"Senyildiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.07.036","article-title":"Cytotoxic, genotoxic and biochemical markers of insecticide toxicity evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and an HepG2 cell line","volume":"96","author":"Kasuba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00756-8","article-title":"Oxidative stress is associated with increased apoptosis leading to spermatozoa DNA damage in patients with male factor infertility","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gep021","article-title":"Increasing the resolution of the comet assay using fluorescent in situ hybridization\u2014A review","volume":"24","author":"Shaposhnikov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.05.010","article-title":"The effect of insecticides chlorpyrifos, alpha-cypermethrin and imidacloprid on primary DNA damage, TP 53 and c-Myc structural integrity by comet-FISH assay","volume":"182","author":"Kopjar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1081\/AL-120035902","article-title":"Determination of DNA with imidacloprid by a resonance light scattering technique at nanogram levels and its application","volume":"37","author":"Jia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00123-3","article-title":"Comet assay and early apoptosis","volume":"478","author":"Choucroun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(01)00255-8","article-title":"Contribution of apoptosis to responses in the comet assay","volume":"497","author":"Roser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, S., Engelbrecht, M., Miles, X., Ndimba, R., Fisher, R., du Plessis, P., Bolcaen, J., Niento-Camero, J., de Kock, E., and Vandervoorde, C. (2019). The impact of dose rate on DNA double-strand break formation and repair in human lymphocytes exposed to fast neutron irradiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215350"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2018). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018\/783 of 29 May 2018 Amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540\/2011 as Regards the Conditions of Approval of the Active Substance Imidacloprid. Off. J. Eur. Union, 61, 31\u201334. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX%3A32018R0783&from=DA."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/12\/1965\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:43:16Z","timestamp":1760168596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/12\/1965"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox10121965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10121965","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]}}}