{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:06:54Z","timestamp":1789038414686,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Boerhavia diffusa is a great tropical plant and is widely used for various traditional purposes. In the present study, we examined the influence of solvents (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and infusion (water)) on chemical composition and biological capabilities of B. diffusa. An UHPLC-HRMS method was used to determine the chemical characterization. The biological ability was examined for antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and anti-cancer effects. To evaluate antioxidant effects, different chemical methods (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP, metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum) were applied. With regard to enzyme inhibitory properties, cholinesterases, amylase, glucosidase and tyrosinase were used. The MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was chosen to determine anticancer activity. Based on the UHPLC-HRMS analysis, 37 specialized metabolites were dereplicated and identified in the studied extracts. Results revealed the presence of 15 hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, acylquinic acids, and their glycosides, one rotenoid, seven flavonoids, 12 fatty acids and two other glycosides. Among the tested extracts, the methanol extract showed a stronger antioxidant ability compared with other extracts. The methanol extract also showed the best inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and glucosidase. In the anti-cancer evaluation, the methanol extract showed stronger anticancer effects compared with water extract. In summary, our observations can contribute to the establishment of B. diffusa as a potential candidate for functional applications in the preparation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10122003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T11:27:36Z","timestamp":1639654056000},"page":"2003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["LC-MS\/HRMS Analysis, Anti-Cancer, Anti-Enzymatic and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Boerhavia diffusa Extracts: A Potential Raw Material for Functional Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kouadio Ibrahime","family":"Sinan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U\u011fur","family":"Akpulat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37150, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5073-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afaf A.","family":"Aldahish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Asir, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Celik Altunoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37150, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Cengiz","family":"Balo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37150, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrina","family":"Zheleva-Dimitrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Soifa, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1254-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reneta","family":"Gevrenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Soifa, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devina","family":"Lobine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, R\u00e9duit 80837, Mauritius"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3962-8666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Fawzi","family":"Mahomoodally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, R\u00e9duit 80837, Mauritius"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ouattara Katinan","family":"Etienne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Botanique, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan 00225, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6548-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokhan","family":"Zengin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafi","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3335-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110749","article-title":"Consumers\u2019 growing appetite for natural foods: Perceptions towards the use of natural preservatives in fresh fruit","volume":"150","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153626","article-title":"Antibacterial plant compounds, extracts and essential oils: An updated review on their effects and putative mechanisms of action","volume":"90","author":"Micol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.07.029","article-title":"Recent advances in plant essential oils and extracts: Delivery systems and potential uses as preservatives and antioxidants in cheese","volume":"116","author":"Christaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.08.023","article-title":"Biological activity of plant-based carvacrol and thymol and their impact on human health and food quality","volume":"116","author":"Rathod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.09.004","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable consumption among South Asians: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Jayawardena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, A., Datta, S., Bhatia, K.S., Jha, P., and Prasad, R. (2021). Role of plant derived bioactive compounds against cancer. S. Afr. J. Bot., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.10.015"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0167-z","article-title":"Breast cancer is a systemic disease optimally treated by a multidisciplinary team","volume":"6","author":"Harbeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180214110932","article-title":"Natural terpenoids against female breast cancer: A 5-year recent research","volume":"25","author":"Ateba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800392","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800392","article-title":"Prevention of breast cancer by natural phytochemicals: Focusing on molecular targets and combinational strategy","volume":"62","author":"Chiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.05.068","article-title":"Investigation of chemical profile, biological properties of Lotus corniculatus L. extracts and their apoptotic-autophagic effects on breast cancer cells","volume":"174","author":"Yerlikaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808302","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/808302","article-title":"Phytochemical, Therapeutic, and Ethnopharmacological Overview for a Traditionally Important Herb: Boerhavia diffusa Linn","volume":"2014","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"451","article-title":"Characterisation of the phenolic profile of Boerhaavia diffusa L. by HPLC-PAD-MS\/MS as a tool for quality control","volume":"16","author":"Ferreres","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal. An. Int. J. Plant. Chem. Biochem. Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.033","article-title":"Boerhaavia diffusa: Metabolite profiling of a medicinal plant from Nyctaginaceae","volume":"47","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"989","article-title":"Antioxidant Effect of Boerhavia Diffusa L. in Tissues of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"42","author":"Satheesh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"167","article-title":"Antimicrobial screening of Bridelia, micrantha, Alchormea cordifolia and Boerhavia diffusa","volume":"28","author":"Abo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60208-1","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and in vitro bioactivities of the extracts of aerial part of Boerhavia diffusa Linn","volume":"2","author":"Apu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2004.7.472","article-title":"Antidiabetic effect of Boerhavia diffusa: Effect on serum and tissue lipids in experimental diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Pari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hepatoprotective activity of Boerhavia diffusa Linn.(Nyctaginaceae) against ibuprofen induced hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats","volume":"2","author":"Jayavelu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J. Pharm. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.12.114","article-title":"Polyphenol rich ethanolic extract from Boerhavia diffusa L. mitigates angiotensin II induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in rats","volume":"87","author":"Prathapan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"831","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Boerhaavia diffusa (Linn.) against Streptozotocin induced Diabetic neuropathy in animal model","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2019.02.002","article-title":"Metabolite profiling and wound-healing activity of Boerhavia diffusa leaf extracts using in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"10","author":"Juneja","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trad. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4514.2010.00477.x","article-title":"Antiperoxidative, free radical scavenging and metal chelating activities of Boerhaavia diffusa L.","volume":"35","author":"Prathapan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427031","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep223","article-title":"Inhibition of human cervical cancer cell growth by ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.(punarnava) root","volume":"2011","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1006\/exmp.2002.2427","article-title":"Antilymphoproliferative activity of ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa roots","volume":"72","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.111946","article-title":"Effect of Boerhaavia diffusa in experimental prostatic hyperplasia in rats","volume":"45","author":"Vyas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.08.041","article-title":"An in vitro study on antiproliferative and antiestrogenic effects of Boerhaavia diffusa L. extracts","volume":"126","author":"Sreeja","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00290","article-title":"Cytotoxic and enzyme inhibitory potential of two Potentilla species (P. speciosa L. and P. reptans Willd.) and their chemical composition","volume":"8","author":"Uysal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2017.03.005","article-title":"In vitro enzyme inhibitory properties, antioxidant activities, and phytochemical profile of Potentilla thuringiaca","volume":"20","author":"Grochowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2020.107273","article-title":"Chemical characterization, computational analysis and biological views on Daphne gnidioides Jaub. & Spach extracts: Can a new raw material be provided for biopharmaceutical applications?","volume":"87","author":"Can","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"890","article-title":"Chemical profiling, adme prediction of Boerhavia diffusa linn. And Crateva nurvala buch. Ham in the management of urolithiasis","volume":"10","author":"Gophane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"5338","article-title":"Phytochemical assessment and metabolic fingerprinting of Boerhavia diffusa and Cephalandra indica from indian sub-continent","volume":"10","author":"Irshad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2021.03.028","article-title":"New perspectives into the chemical characterization of Sida acuta Burm. f. extracts with respect to its anti-cancer, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects","volume":"105","author":"Uysal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062314x","article-title":"Profiling the chlorogenic acids and other caffeic acid derivatives of herbal Chrysanthemum by LC\u2212 MS n","volume":"55","author":"Clifford","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2011.02.027","article-title":"Determination of the hydroxycinnamate profile of 12 members of the Asteraceae family","volume":"72","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112817","article-title":"Integrated phytochemistry, bio-functional potential and multivariate analysis of Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Sch. Bip. and Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg.(Asteraceae)","volume":"155","author":"Gevrenova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/sscp.201800056","article-title":"Structural characterization and quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in ethanolic extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa L. by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Plus"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"582","article-title":"Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative study of main compounds in Commelina communis linn. by UHPLC\u2013Q-TOF-MS-MS and HPLC\u2013ESI-MS-MS","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheleva-Dimitrova, D., Zengin, G., Ak, G., Sinan, K.I., Mahomoodally, M.F., Gevrenova, R., Balabanova, V., Stefanova, A., Nedialkov, P., and Voynikov, Y. (2021). Innovative Biochemometric Approach to the Metabolite and Biological Profiling of the Balkan Thistle (Cirsium appendiculatum Griseb.), Asteraceae. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10102046"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2760","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipo-alkaloids and fatty acids in Aconitum carmichaelii using LC\u2013MS and GC\u2013MS","volume":"29","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinan, K.I., Zengin, G., Zheleva-Dimitrova, D., Etienne, O.K., Fawzi Mahomoodally, M., Bouyahya, A., Lobine, D., Chiavaroli, A., Ferrante, C., and Menghini, L. (2020). Qualitative phytochemical fingerprint and network pharmacology investigation of Achyranthes aspera Linn. extracts. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081973"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-017-1679-y","article-title":"Structural characterization of neutral saccharides by negative ion MALDI mass spectrometry using a superbasic proton sponge as deprotonating matrix","volume":"28","author":"Calvano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Zakaria, N.N.A.B. (2019). Evaluation of Anti-Ageing Properties of Moringa oliefera Lam., Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Clitoria ternatea L. and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. for Potential Application as Cosmeceuticals. [Ph.D Thesis, Newcastle University]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luisi, G., Stefanucci, A., Zengin, G., Dimmito, M.P., and Mollica, A. (2019). Anti-oxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory in vitro activity of amino acids and small peptides: New hints for the multifaceted treatment of neurologic and metabolic disfunctions. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8010007"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"175","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-oxidant potency of smaller chain peptides using dpph free radical scavenging assay and phosphomolybdenum method","volume":"4","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Bull. Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2020\/v32i1230567","article-title":"Evaluation of free radical scavenging potential of different bioactive fractions present in Boerhavia diffusa Linn. root extract: An in-vitro approach","volume":"32","author":"Khalid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2013.06.024","article-title":"Antioxidant, \u03b1-amylase inhibitory and oxidative DNA damage protective property of Boerhaavia diffusa (Linn.) root","volume":"88","author":"Akhter","year":"2013","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aviello, G., Canadanovic-Brunet, J.M., Milic, N., Capasso, R., Fattorusso, E., Taglialatela-Scafati, O., Fasolino, I., Izzo, A.A., and Borrelli, F. (2011). Potent Antioxidant and Genoprotective Effects of Boeravinone G, a Rotenoid Isolated from Boerhaavia diffusa. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019628"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-871282","article-title":"Isolation of New Rotenoids from Boerhaavia diffusa and Evaluation of their Effect on Intestinal Motility","volume":"71","author":"Borrelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess21037","article-title":"Boeravinone B Protects Brain against Cerebral Ichemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats: Possible Role of Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant","volume":"70","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6241017","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6241017","article-title":"Rutin as a Potent Antioxidant: Implications for Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"2018","author":"Enogieru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00541","article-title":"Chemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Caffeic Acid and Its Activity in Hepatocarcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.11.139","article-title":"A review of the dietary flavonoid, kaempferol on human health and cancer chemoprevention","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2019.01.025","article-title":"Anti-cholinesterase hybrids as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer\u2019s disease (1998\u20132018)","volume":"27","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105604","article-title":"Nano-based drug delivery systems used as vehicles to enhance polyphenols therapeutic effect for diabetes mellitus treatment","volume":"169","author":"Rocha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.01.044","article-title":"Cholinesterases and the fine line between poison and remedy","volume":"153","author":"Pope","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2021.102014","article-title":"Trends in diabetes care with special emphasis to medicinal plants: Advancement and treatment","volume":"33","author":"Tripathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587215610032","article-title":"Antioxidative Properties and Effect of Quercetin and Its Glycosylated Form (Rutin) on Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Activities","volume":"21","author":"Ademosun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Evid Based Complement. Altern Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0935-6","article-title":"Comparative study on the inhibitory effect of caffeic and chlorogenic acids on key enzymes linked to Alzheimer\u2019s disease and some pro-oxidant induced oxidative stress in rats\u2019 brain-in vitro","volume":"38","author":"Oboh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2013-0141","article-title":"Caffeic and chlorogenic acids inhibit key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (in vitro): A comparative study","volume":"26","author":"Oboh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-014-2040-5","article-title":"Comparative effect of quercetin and rutin on \u03b1-amylase, \u03b1-glucosidase, and some pro-oxidant-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas","volume":"24","author":"Oboh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00562A","article-title":"Inhibition of \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase by flavonoid glycosides from Lu\u2019an GuaPian tea: Molecular docking and interaction mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Hua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulati, V., Harding, I.H., and Palombo, E.A. (2012). Enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of traditional medicinal plants: Potential application in the management of hyperglycemia. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-77"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"664","article-title":"Molecular Docking and Simulation of Acetylcholinesterase with Compounds Derived from Boerhaavia Diffusa","volume":"10","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.053","article-title":"Boerhaavia diffusa inhibits key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes in vitro and in silico; and modulates abdominal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake ex vivo","volume":"106","author":"Oyebode","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"245","article-title":"The comparative preliminary phytochemical investigation, TLC analysis and antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of Boerhavia diffusa Linn","volume":"10","author":"Kanagavalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.01.051","article-title":"Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of Xao tam phan (Paramignya trimera) root as affected by various solvents and extraction methods","volume":"67","author":"Bowyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"4183","article-title":"Boeravinone B a natural rotenoid exerts anticancer activity via inducing internalization and degradation of inactivated EGFR and ErbB2 in human colon cancer cells","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"574","article-title":"Cytotoxic activity of caffeic acid and gallic acid against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: An in silico and in vitro study","volume":"9","author":"Cheshomi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaba\u0142a-Dzik, A., Rzepecka-Stojko, A., Kubina, R., Jastrz\u0119bska-Stojko, \u017b., Stojko, R., Wojtyczka, R.D., and Stojko, J. (2017). Comparison of two components of propolis: Caffeic acid (CA) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201708.0049.v1"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.4804","article-title":"Ferulic acid exerts antitumor activity and inhibits metastasis in breast cancer cells by regulating epithelial to mesenchymal transition","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-017-2475-2","article-title":"Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor by ferulic acid and 4-vinylguaiacol in human breast cancer cells","volume":"40","author":"Sudhagar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"116","article-title":"Evaluation of cytotoxicity effects of oleo-gum-resin and its essential oil of Ferula assa-foetida and ferulic acid on 4T1 breast cancer cells","volume":"38","author":"Bagheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Paediatr. Oncol. Off. J. Indian Soc. Med. Paediatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2018.12.013","article-title":"Flavone-based natural product agents as new lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitors exhibiting cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5878","article-title":"Rutin, a quercetin glycoside, restores chemosensitivity in human breast cancer cells","volume":"31","author":"Iriti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2020.7891","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid induces apoptosis, inhibits metastasis and improves antitumor immunity in breast cancer via the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"45","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22642","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22642","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid induces 4T1 breast cancer tumor\u2019s apoptosis via p53, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 signaling pathways in BALB\/c mice","volume":"35","author":"Changizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_245_19","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid inhibits growth of 4T1 breast cancer cells through involvement in Bax\/Bcl2 pathway","volume":"16","author":"Changizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.04.023","article-title":"Traumatic acid toxicity mechanisms in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells","volume":"106","author":"Wydro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/12\/2003\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:49:19Z","timestamp":1760168959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/10\/12\/2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox10122003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10122003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]}}}