{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:39:17Z","timestamp":1790635157562,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GIPS-PhD grant  from Universiti Sains Malaysia","award":["311\/PPSP\/4404813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311\/PPSP\/4404813"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a pathological accumulation of hepatic lipid closely linked with many metabolic disorders, oxidative stress and inflammation. We aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of bee bread on oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in MAFLD rats. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into four groups (n = 7\/group): normal control (NC), high-fat diet (HFD), bee bread (HFD + Bb, HFD + 0.5 g\/kg\/day bee bread) and orlistat (HFD + Or, HFD + 10 mg\/kg\/day orlistat) groups. After 12 weeks, the HFD group demonstrated significantly higher body weight gain, serum levels of lipids (TG, TC, LDL), liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and adiponectin, liver lipids (TG, TC) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Furthermore, the HFD group showed significantly decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (GPx, GST, GR, SOD, CAT) and GSH level, and increased liver oxidative stress (TBARS, NO), translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus, Keap1 expression and inflammation (TNF-\u03b1, NF-\u03ba\u03b2, MCP-1) together with histopathological alterations (steatosis, hepatocyte hypertrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen deposition), which indicated the presence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis. Bee bread significantly attenuated all these changes exerted by HFD feeding. In conclusion, our results suggest that bee bread might have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-steatotic and anti-fibrotic effects that are beneficial in protecting liver progression towards NASH and fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10122031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T04:23:47Z","timestamp":1640060627000},"page":"2031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Hepatoprotective Effect of Bee Bread in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) Rats: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4138-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaida","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9442-8563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaidatul Akmal","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Unit of Physiology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Terengganu, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0629-7621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Bagi","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana P.M.B. 1007, Ebonyi State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Asyilla","family":"Che Jalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Syaheedah Wan","family":"Ghazali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7616-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Udo","family":"Nna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar P.M.B. 1115, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9333-1957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahaneem","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Unit of Integrative Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8263","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i47.8263","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology and disease burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Perumpail","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. 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