{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:22:35Z","timestamp":1761582155981,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Junta Andalucia, European Regional Development Fund and Malaga University","award":["UMA18-FEDERJA-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMA18-FEDERJA-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stress seems to contribute to Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) neuropathology, probably by dysregulation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis. Key factors in this pathophysiology are oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal glucocorticoid-induced toxicity. The insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), a pleiotropic hormone, has shown antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in some neurodegenerative disorders. Our aim was to examine the protective effect of IGF-II on a dopaminergic cellular combined model of PD and mild to moderate stress measuring oxidative stress parameters, mitochondrial and neuronal markers, and signalling pathways. IGF-II counteracts the mitochondrial-oxidative damage produced by the toxic synergistic effect of corticosterone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, protecting dopaminergic neurons from death and neurodegeneration. IGF-II promotes PKC activation and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 antioxidant response in a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent pathway, preventing oxidative cell damage and maintaining mitochondrial function. Thus, IGF-II is a potential therapeutic tool for treatment and prevention of disease progression in PD patients suffering mild to moderate emotional stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:00:54Z","timestamp":1640566854000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Insulin-like Growth Factor II Prevents MPP+ and Glucocorticoid Mitochondrial-Oxidative and Neuronal Damage in Dopaminergic Neurons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3428-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Claros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8626-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvana Y.","family":"Romero-Zerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9023-3710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel V\u00edctor","family":"L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirill","family":"Shumilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3121-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Pavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3637-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Mart\u00edn-Monta\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6436-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Garcia-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Tysnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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