{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:22:38Z","timestamp":1791429758943,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008409","name":"Ministerio de Fomento","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAF2017-84894-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAF2017-84894-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-116347RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-116347RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasma levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are elevated in lupus patients. We analyzed the implication of TMAO in autoimmunity and vascular dysfunction of the murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) induced by the activation of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 with imiquimod (IMQ). Female BALB\/c mice were randomly divided into four groups: untreated control mice, control mice treated with the trimethylamine lyase inhibitor 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB), IMQ mice, and IMQ mice treated with DMB. The DMB-treated groups were administered the substance in their drinking water for 8 weeks. Treatment with DMB reduced plasma levels of TMAO in mice with IMQ-induced lupus. DMB prevents the development of hypertension, reduces disease progression (plasma levels of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, splenomegaly, and proteinuria), reduces polarization of T lymphocytes towards Th17\/Th1 in secondary lymph organs, and improves endothelial function in mice with IMQ-induced lupus. The deleterious vascular effects caused by TMAO appear to be associated with an increase in vascular oxidative stress generated by increased NADPH oxidase activity, derived in part from the vascular infiltration of Th17\/Th1 lymphocytes, and reduced nrf2-driven antioxidant defense. In conclusion, our findings identified the bacterial-derived TMAO as a regulator of immune system, allowing for the development of autoimmunity and endothelial dysfunction in SLE mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T21:41:21Z","timestamp":1640900481000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Trimethylamine N-Oxide Promotes Autoimmunity and a Loss of Vascular Function in Toll-like Receptor 7-Driven Lupus Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0828-6598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Correa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Mole\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Mi\u00f1ano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7229-9601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9stor de la","family":"Visitaci\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u00f1aki","family":"Robles-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2452-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"G\u00f3mez-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3872-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, 18007 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0578-1099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, 18007 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9153-5857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, 18007 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203308089988","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus and cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130874","article-title":"Mortality and cardiovascular burden of systemic lupus erythematosus in a US population-based cohort","volume":"41","author":"Bartels","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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