{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:56:36Z","timestamp":1782514596986,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2020R1A5A2019413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A5A2019413"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune dysregulation is a risk factor for several diseases, including infectious diseases. Immunostimulatory agents have been used for the treatment of immune dysregulation, but deleterious adverse effects have been reported. The present study aims to establish the anti-oxidant and immunity-enhancing effects of Sambu-Tang (SBT), composed of Panax ginseng and Aconitum carmichaeli, and stigmasterol (Stig), an active compound of SBT. Immune-related factors were analyzed in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, mouse primary splenocytes, and the serum and spleen of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Results showed that the production levels of nitric oxide (NO) and expression levels of inducible NO synthase and heme oxygenase-1 were increased following SBT or Stig treatment in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig increased the production levels of G-CSF, IFN-\u03b3, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 and induced the activation of NF-\u03baB in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig promoted splenic lymphocyte proliferation and increased splenic NK cell cytotoxic activity. In addition, SBT or Stig enhanced the levels of IFN-\u03b3, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, or TNF-\u03b1 in the serum and spleen of the immunosuppressed mice. SBT or Stig increased the superoxide dismutase activity in the spleen. Collectively, SBT and Stig possess anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory activities, so they may be considered effective natural compounds for the treatment of various symptoms caused by immune dysregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T22:40:20Z","timestamp":1642718420000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["SBT (Composed of Panax ginseng and Aconitum carmichaeli) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing Agent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Na-Ra","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"},{"name":"Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeoung-Cheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7227-3345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju-Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hi-Joon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2345-430X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-Gyu","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phil-Dong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.09.019","article-title":"Nutrients, immune system, and exercise: Where will it take us?","volume":"61","author":"Batatinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.2174\/156802611796235107","article-title":"Dietary antioxidants: Immunity and host defense","volume":"11","author":"Puertollano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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