{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:54:53Z","timestamp":1790952893592,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress (OS) due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants has been established as an important factor that can negatively affect the outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). Excess ROS exert their pathological effects through damage to cellular lipids, organelles, and DNA, alteration of enzymatic function, and apoptosis. ROS can be produced intracellularly, from immature sperm, oocytes, and embryos. Additionally, several external factors may induce high ROS production in the ART setup, including atmospheric oxygen, CO2 incubators, consumables, visible light, temperature, humidity, volatile organic compounds, and culture media additives. Pathological amounts of ROS can also be generated during the cryopreservation-thawing process of gametes or embryos. Generally, these factors can act at any stage during ART, from gamete preparation to embryo development, till the blastocyst stage. In this review, we discuss the in vitro conditions and environmental factors responsible for the induction of OS in an ART setting. In addition, we describe the effects of OS on gametes and embryos. Furthermore, we highlight strategies to ameliorate the impact of OS during the whole human embryo culture period, from gametes to blastocyst stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:09:57Z","timestamp":1646078997000},"page":"477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Oxidative Stress and Assisted Reproduction: A Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiological Role and Strategies for Optimizing Embryo Culture Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0585-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Maldonado Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citmer Reproductive Medicine, IVF LAB, Mexico City 11520, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Anagnostopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproductive Medicine\u2014Embryo ART, Lito Maternity Hospital, 11524 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4599-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella","family":"Cannarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Boitrelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Biology, Fertility Preservation, Andrology, CECOS, Poissy Hospital, 78300 Poissy, France"},{"name":"Department BREED, UVSQ, INRAE, Paris Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina Villar","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citmer Reproductive Medicine, IVF LAB, Mexico City 11520, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Finelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9049-0215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damayanthi","family":"Durairajanayagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1128-2982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Henkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"},{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa"},{"name":"LogixX Pharma, Theale RG7 4AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramadan","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"},{"name":"Ajyal IVF Center, Ajyal Hospital, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa250","article-title":"20 years of the European IVF-monitoring Consortium registry: What have we learned? 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